3Is Flashcards
is how you acknowledge the source of the information you have used in your work.
Referencing
PARTS OF A REFERENCE
Author, Title, Date, Source
The one who create the work
Author
When was the work published?
Date
: What is the Study called?
Title
Where cab the work be retrieve?
Source
A hypothesis formulated for the purpose of statistical analysis. Always expressed as a negative statement.
Null Hypothesis
Denoted by “Ho”
No relationship between independent and dependent variables.
There’sno effectin thepopulation.
Null Hypothesis
Used as contrary or as an alternate to Null Hypothesis
Alternative Hypothesis
Generally denoted as H1 or Ha
There’s aneffectin the population.
Defines there is a statistically important relationship between two variables.
Alternative Hypothesis
It shows a relationship between one dependent variable and a single independent variable.
Simple Hypothesis
If you eat more vegetables, you will lose weight faster. Here, eating more vegetables is an independent variable, while losing weight is the dependent variable. What kind of hypothesis isthis?
Simple Hypothesis
It shows the relationship between two or more dependent variables and two or more independent variables.
Eating more vegetables and fruits leads to weight loss, glowing skin, and reduces the risk of many diseases such as heart disease.
Complex Hypothesis
It shows how a researcher is intellectual and committed to a particular outcome.
It shows how a researcher is intellectual and committed to a particular outcome.
Directional Hypothesis
For example- children aged four years eating proper food over a five-year period are having higher IQ levels than children not having a proper meal. This shows the effect and direction of the effect. What kind of hypothesis is this?
Directional Hypothesis
It is used when there is no theory involved. It is a statement that a relationship exists between two variables, without predicting the exact nature (direction) of the relationship.
Non-Directional Hypothesis
It occurs when there is a change in one variable resulting in a change in the other variable.
Associative Hypothesis
It proposes a cause-and-effect interaction between two or more variables.
Causal Hypothesis
If the RESULT of the experiment is the EXACT OPPOSITE OF THE HYPOTHESIS.
Hypothesis is REJECTED
Done before you conduct the experiment quantitative research (IV and DV)
If the RESULT of the experiment is the SAME AS THE HYPOTHESIS.
Hypothesis is ACCEPTED
HOW MANY SENTENCES IS A HYPOTHESIS?
A minimum of two sentences. Using “I think..” is not allowed. The hypothesis can be written using “If… then…” format.
A statement of expectation or prediction that will be tested by research. Before formulating your research hypothesis, read about the topic of interest to you.
Research Hypothesis
Three types of Research Hypothesis
Simple
Complex
Directional
Its a foundational review of existing theories that serves as a roadmap for developing the arguments you will use in your own work.
Theoretical Framework
They are developed by researchers to explain phenomena, draw connections, and make predictions.
Theories
you explain the existing theories that support your research, showing that your paper or dissertation topic is relevant and grounded in established ideas.
Theoretical Framework
Your _______ defines the key concepts in your research, suggests relationships between them
Theoretical Framework
discusses relevant theories based on your ________
literature review
Your theoretical framework is based on:
Your Problem Statements
Your Research Questions
Your Literature Reviews
The extent to which the research area will be explored.
Explains the parameters within which the study will be operating.
Scope of the study
Means that everything that falls within the defined boundaries will be included in the research.
Inclusive Scope
Means that only those things that are specifically mentioned will be included in the research.
EXCLUSIVE SCOPE
The boundaries of the study.
Aims to narrow the scope of the study.
Delimitations of the Study
It is the period that the study will cover.
Time Delimitation
It refers to who or what the study will include.
Population Delimitations
It refers to what factors will be included or excluded from the study.
Variable Delimitations
General purpose of the study.
Important details of the study.
Scope and Delimitations
Its the first section of the paper and establishes the context underlying the research.
Background of the study
is a chart or graph that presents categorical data with rectangular bars with heights or lengths proportional to the values that they represent.
Bar chart
A graph showing the differences in frequencies or percentages among categories of a nominal or an ordinal variable.
The categories are displayed as segments of a circle whose pieces add up to 100 percent of the total frequencies.
Pie Chart
isa graph used to represent the frequency distribution of a few data points of one variable.
Histogram
A graph displaying changes in a variable at different points in time
Time Series Chart
