3D/4D Views Flashcards
What is 3D/4D imaging in terms of imaging?
A series of 2D slices processed into a 3D volume (VOXEL)
What is another name for 3D/4D imaging?
Volume imaging
What is a voxel?
A series of parallel 2D slices processed into a 3D volume
What can be done with VOXEL?
Voxel volume can be sliced into different planes, some which are impossible with conventional 2D techniques
In terms of VOXELs, the series of 2D scans are housed where?
Housed in the systems memories and are post processed for the described information
3D imaging in real time is called what?
4D
How are 3D/4D imaging acquired?
Acquired with 1D probes and a manual sweep but this method requires practice and patience
In terms of getting 3D/4D images, motorized transducers allow the operator to do what?
“Hold still” while the 2D scan is swept to obtain the set angle of images from the region of interest
Newer 3D/4D technology allows for what?
Matrix tranducer
What is the alignment of crystals like for a matrix tranducer? What does this allow us to do?
- Checker board
- This allows for two perpendicular planes to be swept and displayed simultaneously
What display types are available with 3D imaging? 5
- Multiplanar reconstruction (MPR)
- Multi slice
- Surface rendering
- Maximum intensity projection (MIP)
- Biplane
Each display type provides what kind of information?
Different information that can be used for diagnosis or analysis
What is multiplanar reconstitution (MPR)?
This display type shows three plans (tomograms) of acquired data simultaneously
What are the three planes of MPR?
A, B, and C
What is the A plane?
Acquisition plane (Sag, Trans, Etc.)
What is the B plane?
90 degrees to the A plane vertically
What is the C plane?
Coronal plane
MPR planes are synonymous with what?
The X,Y, and Z planes but they may not correlate directly depending on how the image was acquired
Which plane has the highest resolution? Followed by what?
- A plane has the highest resolution
- B then C planes respectively
Label the planes
In Multislice or tomographic display mode, what can the operator do?
Can view several adjacent slices of anatomy all referenced to a single image
In terms of multislice or tomographic, the operator can set what?
The number of lines and the space between them
Which controls are still available for image manipulation for multislice or tomographic?
X, y, and Z
Multislice or tomographic approaches can align what?
Protocols similar to CT and MR imaging
What does this image demonstrate?
Multislice or tomographic
There are several different redoing modes available to sonographers, what are some examples? 3
- Maximum
- Skeletal
- X-ray rendering eliminates the weakened echoes, focusing on the bringer reflectors from bone
Minimum and inversion modes focus more on what?
The weariers echoes and can be used to highlight the fluid structure
What is the most. Recognized type of rendering mode in sonography, popular for 3D/ 4D images of the fetus?
Surface rendering
Surface rending mode shows what?
The superficial echoes, ignoring the underling anatomy
In terms of surface rendering, algorithms for shading and contour can do what?
Be applied to give the perception of depth
Other controls for surface rendering allows for what? (Besides shading and contour)
Smoothing, adding texture and gradient light
Gradient light gives the appearance that there is what?
An external light source illuminating the tissue
What does Maximum intensity projection (MIP) do?
This display modes works by taking the “thick” slices of anatomy and collapsing it down to overlay echoes of highest intensity
What does MIP help create?
A volume appearance and can make the viewing of information easier to see
In terms of MIP, different slice thickness and sweeping can be used to obtained what?
Desired information
Biplane imaging allows the sonographer to view what?
Anatomy in a short and long axis simultaneously
What is biplane imaging useful for?
Many applications, especially with intervention
With the biplane probe, biplane imaging can be used in conjunction with 3D/4D to do what?
Increase efficiency in assessment and scan time
