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Biology IGCSE > 3a - reproduction > Flashcards

3a - reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Fertilisation of two sex cells (one gamete from each parent) produced by Meiosis to form a zygote which will develop into non-identical offspring

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2
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Reproduction by a single parent to produce genetically identical offspring (clones) via Mitosis

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3
Q

What are the Advantages of Sexual Reproduction?

A
  • produces genetic variation in the offspring
  • the species can adapt to new environments due to variation, which gives them a survival advantage
  • a disease is less likely to affect all the individuals in a population
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4
Q

What are the disadvantages to sexual reproduction?

A
  • takes long time and energy to find mates

- not possible for isolated members

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5
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • the population can increase rapidly when the conditions are favourable
  • only one parent is needed
  • it is more time and energy efficient as you don’t need a mate
  • it is faster than sexual reproduction
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6
Q

What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • it does not lead to genetic variation in a population
  • Vulnerable to change in conditions
  • disease may affect all the individuals in a population
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7
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

Fusion of haploid gamete to produce diploid zygote that undergoes Mitosis to develop into an Embryo

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8
Q

What is a haploid gamete?

A

An Egg Cell and Sperm Cell are haploid gametes, containing 23 chromosomes (half of the 46 chromosomes in a Zygote)

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9
Q

Why do the gametes need to fertilise?

A
  • Reproducing requires the fusion of two haploid gametes via fertilisation to form a diploid Zygote containing 46 chromosomes (half from each parent)
  • As diploid Zygote carries a mixture of genetic information from both parents, Zygote will undergo Mitosis to develop into an embryo exhibiting genetic variation
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10
Q

What are the sepals?

A

Leaf-shaped structure on the outermost part of flower that protects unopened flower

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11
Q

What are the petals?

A

Brightly coloured leaves surrounding the reproductive part of flower to attract pollinators (e.g, insects)

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12
Q

What is the stamen?

A

Male part of the Flower composed of the Filament and Anther

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13
Q

What is the filament?

A

Slender stalk supporting the Anther to make it accessible to pollinators (e.g, insects)

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14
Q

What are the anthers?

A

Lobes on top of the Filament that produces the male gamete of flowering plant - Pollen

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15
Q

What is the pistil?

A

Female part of the Flower composed of the Stigma, Style, Ovule

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16
Q

What is the stigma?

A

Sticky, receptive tip of the Pistil that is responsible for catching Pollen

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17
Q

What is the style?

A

Tube-shaped connection between Stigma and Ovule that elevates Stigma to catch Pollen

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18
Q

What is the ovule?

A

Structure that contains female reproductive cells which develops into Seed after fertilisation

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19
Q

What is an insect pollinated flower?

A

Flower that distributes Pollen via Insects

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20
Q

What is a wind pollinated flower?

A

Flower that distributes Pollen via Wind

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21
Q

How has the petal adapted for insect pollination?

A

Petals are large and brightly-coloured to attract Insect pollinators

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22
Q

How has the scent and nectar adapted for insect pollination?

A

Nectar is scented to attract Insect pollinators

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23
Q

How has the number of pollen grains adapted for insect pollination?

A

Moderate amount of Pollen grains due to insects being efficient pollinators

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24
Q

How has the pollen grains adapted for insect pollination?

A

Pollen grains are Sticky and spiky to attach to Insect

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25
Q

How has the anthers adapted for insect pollination?

A

Anthers that produce Pollen are stiff and firmly attached to Filaments inside of Flower to brush against Insects.

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26
Q

How has the stigma adapted for insect pollination?

A

Stigma is sticky and inside the Flower to catch Pollen when brushed against Insect

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27
Q

How has the petals adapted for wind pollination?

A

Petals are small and dull (Green or Brown coloured) as they do not need to attract insects

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28
Q

How has the scent and nectar adapted for wind pollination?

A

Nectar is not scented as they do not need to attract insects

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29
Q

How has the number of pollen grains adapted for wind pollination?

A

Large amounts of Pollen to increase chances of pollination

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30
Q

How has the pollen grains adapted for wind pollination?

A

Pollen grains are smooth and light to be easily carried by wind

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31
Q

How has the anthers adapted for wind pollination?

A

Anthers that produce Pollen are loosely attached to long Filaments outside of Flower to easily release Pollen via wind

32
Q

How has the stigma adapted for wind pollination?

A

Stigma is feathery and outside the Flower to catch drifting Pollen grains

33
Q

How is a seed formed via pollination?

A

Pollination involves the transfer of Pollen grain from an Anther (male plant structure) to a Stigma (female plant structure)
Hence, when Pollen grain lands on Stigma, this causes a Pollen tube to grow down the Style until it reaches an Ovule within the Ovary
This allows the Nucleus of Pollen grain to pass along the Pollen tube to fuse with Nucleus of Ovule via fertilisation
As a result, Ovule will form a Seed, while Ovule wall forms the Seed coat, and the rest of Carpel will develop into a Fruit to carry the Seed

34
Q

what is germination?

A

Process by which Seed emerges from period of dormancy and begins to sprout

35
Q

what are the 3 conditions needed for germination and why are they important?

A

water, oxygen and warmth

36
Q

why is water important for germination?

A

Water is needed to metabolically activate enzymes to break down food reserves of Starch into Glucose (source of energy for growth)

37
Q

why is oxygen important for germination?

A

Oxygen is needed for aerobic respiration to produce energy in the form of ATP for growth

38
Q

why is warmth important for germination?

A

Optimum temperature is needed for optimal enzyme activity to facilitate survival and growth of Seed

39
Q

What is the testa?

A

Tough outer seed coat that protects embryonic plant

40
Q

What is the micropyle?

A

Small pore in outer covering of seed that allows passage of Water via osmosis

41
Q

What is the cotyledon?

A

Contains food stores of Starch for Seed and forms embryonic leaves

42
Q

What is the epicotyle (plumule)?

A

Embryonic shoot

43
Q

What is the radicle?

A

Embryonic Root

44
Q

How do Germinating Seeds Utilise Food Reserves until the Seedling can Carry Out Photosynthesis?

A

During Germination, the absorption of Water triggers the production of plant hormones, thus stimulating the synthesis of Amylase
Amylase breaks down food reserves of Starch found in Cotyledon into Glucose to be used as an energy source for growth via aerobic respiration
This continues until Seedling can carry out Photosynthesis as a source of glucose for energy

45
Q

How to runner help plants reproduce asexually?

A
  • In Runners, cells split off from parent plant to grow side branches that forms Plantlets, specialising into root hair cells
  • As a result, Plantlets will grow roots and plant will evolve, forming plant that is genetically identical to parent plant via asexual reproduction (clone)
46
Q

How to cuttings help plants reproduce asexually?

A
  • In Cuttings, specific plant tissue (typically undifferentiated shoot) is selected from stock plant and sterilised
  • Tissue sample is then explanted and grown in petri dish containing sterile nutrient agar gel
  • Explant is treated with growth hormones (auxins) to stimulate Shoot and Root development
  • As a result, growing Shoot can be continuously divided and separated to form new samples
  • Once Root and Shoot are developed, the cloned plant is then transferred to Soil
47
Q

What is the bladder?

A

Muscular sac that stores Urine to expel it from body through Urethra via excretion

48
Q

what is the sex gland?

A

Gland that secretes fluid containing Nutrients (Fructose) and Mucus with Sperm cells to form Semen

49
Q

What is the sperm duct?

A

Long tube which conducts Sperm from Testes to be mixed with fluids in sex gland (which connects to the Urethra) during ejaculation

50
Q

what is the urethra?

A

Tube inside Penis that conducts Sperm/Semen from Sex gland to outside of body via Penis (also convey Urine)

51
Q

What is the testis?

A

Two oval-shaped organs held outside the body by Scrotum (to maintain optimum temperature below core body temeprature) to synthesize Sperm and Tetosterone

52
Q

what is the penis?

A

Passes Urine Out of the Body from the Bladder and Allows Semen to Pass into the Vagina of a Woman during Sexual Intercourse

53
Q

What is the oviduct?

A

Tube lined with ciliated cells to brush released Ovum from Ovary to Uterus for fertilisation

54
Q

What is an ovary?

A

Tissue where Egg cell matures prior to Ovulation, and responsible for Estrogen and Progesterone secretion

55
Q

What is the uterus?

A

Organ with thick muscular walls with soft lining where fertilised Egg cell will be implanted to develop into Fetus

56
Q

What is the cervix?

A

Ring of muscle that closes to protect developing Fetus and opens to form birth canal

57
Q

What is the urethra?

A

Tube that passes Urine out of the body from the Bladder via excretion

58
Q

What is the vagina?

A

Muscular passage leading to Uterus by which penis can enter during sexual intercourse to deliver sperm

59
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

Changes that occur within female reproductive system for pregnancy to be viable

60
Q

What is the role of oestrogen during the menstrual cycle and what gland is it produced from?

A

gland: Ovaries
- Stops FSH being produced (so that only one egg matures in a cycle). Repairs, thickens and maintains the uterus lining. Stimulates the pituitary gland to release LH.

61
Q

What is the role of progestrone during the menstrual cycle and what gland is it produced from?

A

gland: Ovaries
- Progesterone maintains the uterus lining (the thickness of the uterus wall).
- If the egg has not been fertilised the progesterone levels drop. This causes menstruation, where the uterus lining breaks down - this is known as having a period.

62
Q

What is the placenta?

A

Connection between inner Uterine wall and Foetal membrane via Umbilical Cord that facilitates the exchange of materials between Mother and developing Fetus

63
Q

What is the amniotic fluid?

A

Protective liquid found in Amniotic sac

64
Q

How does the Amniotic sac protect the fetus as it develops, and what is the importance of this?

A
  • Uterus is surrounded by Amniotic Fluid in the Amniotic membranes
  • Amniotic fluid is incompressible, functioning as an efficient shock absorber to protect Fetus from impact
  • Amniotic fluid creates buoyancy to ensure Fetus does not have to support own weight while Skeletal system develops
  • Amniotic sac ruptures during labour - known as ‘Water breaking’
65
Q

What are the effects of oestrogen on the female body?

A
  • Development of breasts
  • Growth of body hair
  • Beginning of menstrual cycle
  • Sexual ‘drive develops’
66
Q

What are the effects of testosterone?

A
  • Growth of Penis and Testes
  • Growth of facial and body air
  • Muscle development
  • Voice breaking
  • Sexual ‘drive develops’
  • Sperm production
67
Q

What adaptions has the placenta made to allow for efficient material exchange?

A
  • Placenta is lined with Chorionic vili to increase surface area to volume ratio for diffusion of materials between Mother and Fetus, allowing efficient material exchange
  • Additionally, Foetal capillaries within Chorionic vili and Maternal Capillaries are close to Placental membrane to minimise distance of diffusion between Mother and Fetus, allowing efficient material exchange
68
Q

What diffuses across the placenta?

A
  • Materials including Oxygen, Nutrients, Vitamins, Antibodies and Water diffuse across Placenta from Mother to Fetus
  • Waste materials including Carbon Dioxide, and other waste substances diffuse across the Placenta from Fetus to Mother
69
Q

What does the placenta do to the hormonal role of the ovaries?

A
  • Placenta takes over Hormonal role of Ovaries to produce Estrogen and Progesterone
    Estrogen stimulates the growth of Uterine muscles (used to initiate Uterine contractions to give birth) and development of Mammary gland in Breasts
    Progesterone maintains the Uterus lining, as well as reducing uterine contractions and potential Maternal immune response
70
Q

Describe the steps of the menstrual cycle:

A
  1. 5-7 days menstruation
  2. 7-14 lining of uterus wall builds up preparing for the egg to be released.
  3. 14- 28 lining is maintained
  4. cycle restarts, lining breaks down (menstruation)
71
Q

What are the parts in the male reproduction system?

A
  • testes
  • scrotum
  • Seminal vesicles
  • urethra
  • Penis
  • Epididymus
  • Vas deferens (sperm duct)
72
Q

What are the parts in the female reproduction system?

A
  • ovary
  • oviduct
  • Muscular uterine wall
  • uterus
  • vagina
  • Vulva
  • cervix
  • urethra
73
Q

What is the structure of a sperm cell?

A
  • has an acrosome which contains enzymes
  • haploid nucleus
  • bellow the head there is mitochondria
  • they have a tail (flagellum)
74
Q

How has a sperm cell adapted for its function?

A
  • has a tail which allows it to swim
  • contains enzymes in the acrosome the digest through the jelly coat and cell membrane of the egg cell
  • contains mitochondria to provide energy via respiration
75
Q

What is the structure of an egg cell?

A
  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • mitochondria
  • haploid nucleus
76
Q

How has the egg cell adapted for its function?

A
  • cytoplasm containing a source of energy to provide energy to dividing zygote after fertilisation
  • jelly like coating that changes after fertilisation to form an impenetrable barrier after to prevent any other sperm from entering the egg cell

Biology IGCSE (10 decks)

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