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Disease Dilemmas > 3a Malaria > Flashcards

3a Malaria Flashcards

1
Q

Vector of malaria

A

Anopheles mosquito

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2
Q

Number of global cases in 2019

A

229 million

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3
Q

Number of malaria deaths in 2019

A

409,000

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4
Q

Percentage of malaria deaths in 2019 that were children under 5

A

67%

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5
Q

Percentage of malaria cases and deaths in the WHO African Region

A

94%

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6
Q

Total funding for malaria mitigation in 2019
Contributions of governments from endemic countries

A

US$3 billion
31%

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7
Q

Malaria is endemic in what % of Ethiopia’s land area

A

75%

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8
Q

Deaths of malaria in Ethiopia 2013

A

584,000

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9
Q

Areas most at risk in Ethiopia

A

Western lowlands below 1500m in Tigray, Amhara and Gambella provinces

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10
Q

Peak transmission rates

A

After rainy season (peak from Sept-Dec)

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11
Q

Tranmission in midlands

A

Seasonal - occasional epidemics

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12
Q

Central highlands prevalence

A

Malaria free

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13
Q

Eastern lowlands malaria patterns

A

Afar and Somali provinces
Arid climate confines malaria to river valleys

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14
Q

2 environmental factors influencing disease

A

Climate
Altitude/relief

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15
Q

How does climate influence disease?

A

Warm, humid climates
Stagnant water - ideal breeding habitats for mosquitos

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16
Q

How does altitude/relief influence disease?

A

Endemic in western lowlands - high temp and humidity, water collects in lakes and ponds
Absent in highlands

17
Q

7 human factors influencing disease

A

Population movements
Irrigation schemes
Urbanisation
Misuse of malarial drugs
Misuse of mosquito nets
Poverty
Healthcare

18
Q

How do population movements influence disease?

A

Harvest time - population movements between highlands and agricultural lowlands
Coincides with rainy season and peak malaria transmission period
Harvesting continues after sunset when mosquitos are most active and migrant workers sleep in the fields overnight

19
Q

How do irrigation schemes influence disease?

A

In Awash Valley and Gambella Province
Construction of micro-dams, and ponds - expanded breeding habitats for mosquitoes

20
Q

How does urbanisation influence disease?

A

Floods, garbage dumps, discarded containers - breeding sites

21
Q

How do misuse of malarial drugs influence disease?

A

More drug resistant

22
Q

How do misuse of nets influence disease?

A

Holes

23
Q

How does lack of healthcare influence disease?

A

40% of Ethiopians have no access to basic healthcare

24
Q

How does poverty influence disease?

A

Hunger and lack of maize
Undernutrition and malnutrition - susceptibility to disease

25
Q

Socio economic impacts of malaria in Ethiopia

A
  • 70,000 deaths per year
  • Children hit the hardest
  • Absenteeism from work, slowing economic growth and reinforcing the cycle of poverty
  • US$12 billion lost production in sub-Saharan Africa per year
  • 40% of national health expenditure, 10% of hospital admissions, 12% of health clinic visits
  • Damage tourism and investment
26
Q

3 Strategies/management plans to control malaria

A
  • Presidents Malaria Initiative and Global Health Initiative
  • 2008-2013, grants of US$20-43 million a year for malaria control
  • 2011, Ethiopian government - 5 year plan (partnership with UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, NGOs and OECD donor countries)
27
Q

Direct strategies of the 5 year plan

A

Eradicate mosquitos:
- Periodic spraying with insecticides
- Destroying breeding sites
- Indoor Residual Spraying How do population movements influence disease

28
Q

Indirect strategies of the 5 year plan

A

Publicity campaigns to minimise potential breeding sites
Early diagnosis and treatment of malaria
Insecticide-treated bed nets

29
Q

Positives of strategies

A

Death rates halved 2000-2010
No major malaria epidemics (used to be every 5 years)
Amhra - prevalence fell 4.6% to 0.8% from 2006 to 2011

30
Q

Negatives of strategies

A

Not enough nets and education on use
DDT sprayed poisonous
Resistance to draining of swamps = drinking water for cattle
ACT drug expensive and high demand
Epidemics need to be identified earlier
45 million still remain at risk of 68 million
Drug resistance
Shortage of trained manpower, drugs spray pumps and funds

Disease Dilemmas (8 decks)

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