3A/3B Deck Flashcards
Wet, Wacky, Wobbly?
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
- Urinary incontinence
- Dementia
- Gait disturbance
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
Wet, Wacky, Wobbly:
- Urinary incontinence
- Dementia
- Gait disturbance
Delirium Causes
PINCH ME
Pain
Infection / intoxication:
UTI, pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis, encephalitis, malaria
Nutrition
Vitamin deficiency - Thiamine, nicotinic acid, B12/Folate
Constipation
Hypoxia / hydration
Medication / drugs / substance abuse
Benzodiazepines, anticholinergics, anaesthetics, opiates, anticonvulsants, alcohol
Environmental
Others:
Surgical post op
Vascular -Stroke, HF, SAH, SDH, vasculitis, migraines
Metabolic - Hypoxia, electrolyte imbalance, renal/hepatic impairment, hypoglycaemia
Endocrine pathology -Hypo/hyperthyroid, Cushings, porphyria
Head trauma
Epilepsy
Osteoporosis risk factors
SHATTERED Steroids hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroid, hypocalcaemia Alcohol / tobacco Thin Testosterone - low Early menopause - oestrogen deficiency Renal / liver disease Erosive / IBD Dietary intake - low Calcium / T1DM
Tonsilitis Tx
Symptomatic - paracetamol
Abx - Penicillin
Otitis Media Tx
Pain relief
Abx - amoxicillin
Sinusitis
98% viral - self limiting
Often secondary bacterial infection - (SAME ORGANISMS as OM)
Abx - amoxicillin
Croup Tx
Oral Dexamethasone +/- ABC+Oxygen +/- nebulised adrenaline
Acute epiglottitis Tx + organism
Haemophilus influenza tybe B
Intubation
Possible tracheostomy
Cefotaxime
Whooping Cough Tx + Organism
School leave?
Bordatella Pertussis
Azithromycin / clarithromycin / erythromycin
48hrs after Abx start - Abx do not alter course of disease - just infectivity
Pneumonia Tx
Amoxicillin
OR: clarithromycin, co-amoxiclav, azithromycin
Drainage of empyema - if unwell after period of improvement
Infants - GBS
Kids - Strep. Pneu / H.Influ / TB
ToF Features
PROVE Pulmonary stenosis RV Hypertrophy Overriding Aorta VSD Ejection systolic murmur
Infective endocarditis Tx
BLIND - after 3 cultures - Benpen + gentamicin
Rheumatic Fever Tx + Organism
Diagnostic Criteria?
Group A B-haemolytic Strep - PYOGENES JONES criteria - 2major / 1major+2minor - (JONES PEACE) Joints - large joint arthritis O - carditis N - nodules - painless + subcutaneous E - erythema marginatum S - syndenham's chorea
P - PR interval prolongation E - ESR v raised A - arthralgia C - CRP raised E - elevated temp
Aspirin
Benpen - help strep throat
Prednisolone - for Syndenhams chorea (consider haloperidol)
Measles Organism + features
Paramyxovirus - RNA morbillivirus
4C’s - cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, Cranky
Koplik spots
RASH
Scarlet Fever Tx
Penicillin + azithromycin
Ibuprofen + paracetamol
Imetigo Tx
Fusidic acid + oral flucloxacillin
Complications of meningitis
SHAPD Sepsis Hydrocephalus / encephalitis Abcess Paralysis Deafness - serineuonal hearing loss - MOST COMMON
Toxic shock syndrome Tx + Organisms
Toxin = producing s.aureus + group A strep
Clindamycin + ceftriaxone
Complications of preterm?
Heads - intraventricular haemorrhage, hypoxic ischaemic damage
Hearts - Patent ductus
and Lungs - respiratory distress syndrome
and Guts - NEC
and Retinitis drives me nuts!
TB Tx?
RIPE Rifampicin Isoniazide pyrazinomaide Ethambutol
5 stages of chemo
Induction Consolidation Interim Maintenance Delayed intensification Maintenance
Histo finding of dermoid cyst?
Rokitansky’s protuberance
Signs of shock?
I-SHOCKS Increased RR Sinus Tachycardia hypotension Oliguria Cold Klammy Slow capillary refill
SIRS criteria
3 T's white with sugar: -Tachycardia Tachypnoea Temp (low or high) WBC low or high Sugar >7.7 - in absence of DM
Depression symptoms?
DEADSWAMP Depression Energy low Anhedonia Death thoughts
Sleep disturbance (insomnia / early morning waking)
Worthlessness/Guilt
Appetite / Weight change
Mentation change - lack of concentration
Psychomotor retardation / agitation
Who should you tell about a never event?
NRLS + StEIS
Key Wernicke’s / Korsakoff features?
werNICkes
Nystagmus
Incoordination / ataxia
Confusion - i.e. delirium
KorSAKoffs
- pSychosis
- Anterograde amnesia + hallucinations (lilliputlin / formication)
- (K)Confabulation
Cerebellar signs?
DANISH: Dysdiadochokinesia Ataxia Nystagmus Intention tremor Slurred staccato speech Hypotonia
Vasculitis screen? 5 domains
[FUEL CAB]
FBC - think EOSINOPHILS (churg-strauss)
Urine
ESR/CRP
Liver - clotting
CXR / CT pulmonary
ANCA
Biopsy
Post vasculitis screen - further Ix
[EM…III]
EMG - neuropathy
Myeloma screen
Imaging - MRI, PET
Infection - sepsis, HepB (in PAN)
Imunology - RF/ACCP, ANCA, ANA, dsDNA
FRAX - mad formation
3-3-3-2
[estimate of 10 year fracture risk with low BMD)
3 person - Age, sex, BMI
3 fracture - previous?, parent hip fracture, low femoral neck BMD
3 put in - Alcohol, smoking, glucocorticoids
2 conditions - RA, secondary osteoporosis
How to tell #NOF on X-ray
Shenton’s line broken
Secondary risk factors of osteoporosis?
SHATTERED
Steroids + Cushings
H - HyperTh, hyperPTh, Hypercalciuria
A - Alcohol + tobacco
T - thin (BMI<19)
T - testosterone decreased - primary hypogonadism / anti-androgens
E - Early menopause (<45)
R - renal/liver function - chronic liver disease/ renal osteodystrophy in CKD
E - erosive/inflam disease - RA, myeloma, mets
D - diet - Ca/T1DM, malabsorption, malnutrition
Common sites for osteoprotic #
Sheffield Wednesday Protects Hillsborough
Spine - crush
Wrist - distal radius
Pelvis
Hip
What’s covered in bony profile bloods?
Ca Vit D Phos PTH ALP
XR OA?
LOSS loss of joint space osteophytes subchondral/subarticular sclerosis subchondral cysts
XR RA?
LESS Loss of joint space Erosions Softening of bones (periarticular osteopenia) Soft tissue swelling
Common co-infection with polyarteritis nodosa?
Hep B
Pres of SLE?
Criteria + systemic: fatigue, fever, weight loss, lymphadenopathy
4/11 of DOPAMINE RASH:
- Discoid rash
- Oral ulcers - usually painless
- photosensitive rash - skin rash from sunlight
- Arthritis - deforming BUT non-erosive 2+ joints (similar deformities to RA)
- Malar Rash
- Immunological phenomena - dsDNA, anti-smith
- Neuro symps - seizures/psychosis/autonomic disorder/headache - literally anything
- ESR raised (*NOT CRP) + LOW COMPLEMENT
- Renal disorder - proteinuria >0.5g/day or +++ (lupus nephritis)
- ANA +ve
- Serositis - pleuritis (pleural rub on ausc or pleural effusion) / pericarditis (ECG, pericardial rub)
- Haematological - haemolytic anaemia (Coombs +ve), Neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia
Reiter’s syndrome
Can’t see (uveitis)
Can’t pee (urethritis)
Can’t climb a tree (arthritis)
Associations with ankylosing spondylitis?
The 6 A’s:
Apical Lung Fibrosis Anterior uveitis Aortic regurg Achilles tendonitis Aortic incompetence - dissection/regurg Amyloidosis
Muscle blood tests/screen?
CK
LDH
Aldolase
Signs of compartment syndrome?
6 P’s!!!
Kawasaki’s age + symptoms?
Major complication?
6months-5years
CRASH and BURN (MyHEART as well ;) )
Conjunctivitis (bilateral + non-purulent)
Rash - non-vesicular
Adenopathy (cervical + unilateral)
Strawberry tongue + inflammation of mouth + lips (cracked lips)
Hands/feet - palmer erythema/swelling/desquamation (2-5days after onset)
Fever > 5days (BURN)
Comp - coronary artery aneurysm!! (do ECHO) –> deaths+signif. morbidity
Red Flags of Back pain?
TUNA FISH:
Trauma
Unexpected weight loss/loss of appetite
Neuro symps - CAUDA EQUINA
Age: >50 , <20
Fever/night sweats - osteomyelitis/cancer
Immunosuppression/IVDU - osteomyelitis
Steroid use - immunocomprimise/osteoporotic #
History of cancer: Prostate, breast, lung, renal
Felty syndrome
SANTA: Splenomegaly Anaemia Neutropenia - low WCC Thrombocytopenia Arthritis - RA
(also leg ulcers + brown pigmentation of legs)
ECG of RBBB vs LBBB (v basically)
Broad QRS > 0.12ms
MarroW - RBBB
V1 - rSR’
V6 - deep wide slurred S
WilliaM - LBBB
V1 - rS - deep S wave
V6 - Broad R (may look like m) + absent Q waves
Digoxin drug interations? - i.e. induce toxicity
SAC those drugs, if you’re gonna use them with digoxin you must be LOOPY
S - spironalactone
A - amiodarone
C - CCB
LOOPY - loop diuretics/thiazides - hypokalaemia - toxicity
X-ray signs of HF?
ABCDE: alveolar oedema Kerley B-lines cardiomegaly dilated pulmonary vessels effusion
Infective endocarditis:
Most common symps?
Signs
*Most common - fever, chills, weight loss, poor appetite
FROM JANE:
Fever>38 + tachycardia
Roth spots - eyes, retinal haemorrhage with pale centre
Osler’s nodes - painful red blisters @ terminal phalanges + toes
Murmur - tricuspid w/ s.aureus
Janeway lesions - painless red maculae on thenar eminence
Anaemia/arthritis: subacute - >3 joints (asymmetrical). acute: 1 joint septic
Nail splinter haemorrhages
Embolic phenomena - e.g. stroke
Given post-MI (not acute)
ABSeeD
ACE-I
BB
Statin
Dual antiplatelet - aspirin, clopidogrel
Complication of MI
DEPARTS + Fail Death, dresslers Electrical activity - arrhythmias - tachy/brady Pericarditis (acute), papillary muscle rupture Aneurysm --> persistent ST elevation Re-MI / rupture - tamponade Thrombus Shock - cardiogenic
Heart Failure - pulmonary oedema –> give B-BLOCKER! - bisoprolol
What is beck’s triad?
Cardiac tamponade:
- Decreased heart sounds
- distended jugular veins
- decreased arterial blood pressure
Triad in cardiac tamponade?
Beck’s triad:
- Decreased heart sounds
- distended jugular veins
- decreased arterial blood pressure
Key signs of sepsis? (score)
SOFA score (2+ is not good) HAT: Hypotension < 100 Altered mental state GCS<15 Tachypnoea >=22
Normal CAP / HAP pneumonia organisms?
CAP:
S.pneumoniae, H.Influenza (*esp in COPD)
HAP:
(Gram-ve bacilli)
E.coli, klebsiella, pseudomonas aeruginosa, MRSA
Atypical CAP organisms?
Mycoplasm pneumonia - common in young adults
Legionella pneumonia - air con!
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Chlamydia psitacci - bird fanciers
Mx of TB?
RIPE DOTS:
Rifampicin 6M - liver tox, orange secretions
Isoniazid 6M - liver tox, peripheral neuropathy
Pyrazinamide 2M - liver tox, hepatitis
Ethambutol 2M - visual disturbance, optic neuritis
DOTS - directly observed therapy 3x/week
Check LFTs before
Check vision with Snellen
O/E of pulmonary fibrosis?
4 D's: Digital clubbing Dry cough Dyspnoea Diffuse inspiratory crackles
Upper vs Lower lung fibrosis diseases/causes?
Upper - ESCHART (granulomatous disease) Extrinsic allergic alveolitis Sarcoidosis/silicosis Coal worker's pneumoconiosis Histiocytosis X Ankylosing spondylitis Radiotherapy TB
Lower - RASCO (systemic disease) RA Asbestosis Systemic sclerosis/SLE Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis Other (drugs) - amiodarone, methotrexate, bleomycin
Causes of BHL (bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy)
TIMES TB Inorganic dust - Silicosis Malignancy - carcinoma, lymphoma, mediastinal EAA Sarcoidosis
Red flags for dyspepsia?
Weight loss, recurrent vomiting, dysphagia, chronic bleeding
ALARMS:
Anaemia, Loss of wt, Anorexia, Recent onset (if >55), Melaena, swallowing difficulty
H pylori mx?
PAM/PAC:
PPI + amox + metron/clarith
Antibodies in CD / UC?
UC - pANCA
CD - ASCA
Types (+examples) of laxatives? 4 types!
Bulk forming - increase faecal mass, improve peristalsis - e.g. isphagula husk
Stool softener - for impacted faeces - e.g. docusate
Stimulant - increase motility - e.g. senna
Osmotic - retain water in bowel - e.g. lactulose
Foods containing copper (i.e. to avoid in Wilson’s)
Chocolate
nuts
mushrooms
liver
Drugs affecting liver/hepatotoxic?
Paracetamol
Alcohol
Meds: Ciproflox, Methotrexate, Amox, flucolox, diclofenac
Signs of chronic liver disease?
FLAPSS Finger clubbing Leukonychia Asterixis (liver flap) Palmar erythema Shifting dullness Spider naevi/scratch marks (pruritis)
Bleeding
(+ caput medusae)
Alcoholic Hepatitis triad?
Fever
Mallory bodies
Steatosis
Hepatitis B serology?
Surface antigen (HBsAg) – active infection E antigen (HBeAg) – marker of viral replication and implies high infectivity
Core antibodies (HBcAb) – implies past or current infection - IgM (current), IgG (past infection) Surface antibody (HBsAb) – implies vaccination or past or current infection E antibody (HBeAb) = immune response
Hepatitis B virus DNA (HBV DNA) – this is a direct count of the viral load
Causes of acute pancreatitis?
GET SMASHED Gallstones Ethanol (alcohol) Trauma Scorpions mumps AI Steroids Hyperlipidaemia/hypothermia/hypercalcaemia ERCP Drugs
Score for pacreatitis severity? (also good for remembering some Ix)
Glasgow score PANCREAS PaO2 < 8kPa (remember sepsis+pancreatitis = main cause of ARDS) Age > 55 Neutrophillia (WCC>15) Calcium <2mmol/L Renal, urea >16mmol/L Enzymes: -AST/ALT >200units -Albumin <32g/L -Sugar > 10mmol/L
Retroperitoneal structures?
SADPUCKER SVC Aorta/IVC Duodenum (2+3) Pancreas Ureters Colon Kidneys Esophagus Rectum
Who gets gallstones?
Fair, fat, female, fertile, forty, family history
Antibodies of PSC / PBC?
p-ANCA - PSC - primary sclerosing cholangitis
AMA - PBC - primary billiary cirrhosis
Management of Hep B / Hep C
Pegylated interferon alpha
Hep B - tenofovir (2nd line)
Hep C - ribavarin w/ interferon
What causes activation of RAAS (i.e. release of renin) - where exactly??
Reduced perfusion to afferent arteriole –> juxtaglomerular apparatus
Nephrotoxic drugs?
CANT DAMAG Contrast Antibiotics (penicillin/ceph) NSAIDs Trimethoprim Diuretics ACE-I Metformin ARBs gentamicin!!!!
Indications for dialysis in severe AKI?
AEIOU (VOWELS)
Acidosis (severe + unresponsive to treatment)
Electrolyte imbalance (Hyperkalaemia + not responding to treatment)
Intoxication (overdose of certain meds)
Oedema (severe and unresponsive pulmonary oedema)
Uraemia (seizures + reduced consciousness)
Why potential hyperglycaemia in peritoneal dialysis?
Other complications?
As dialysate = dextrose
Infection - peritonitis Blockage/infection/leak of catheter Fluid retention/weight gain Constipation Hernia
Nephritic vs Nephrotic BASICS?
Nephritic: - PROLIFERATIVE
HTN –> glomerular inflam –> oliguria
Haemturia - Dark urine - like coca-cola
Main cause - IgA Berger’s disease
Nephrotic: - NON_PROLIFERATIVE Main cause - FSG (focal segmental glomerular nephritis) [also main cause of glomerularnephrtitis in general] Triad: Hypoalbuminaemia Proteinuria Oedema (hyperlipidaemia)
Management of mod-severe Glomerulonephritis? (haematuria, proteinuria, low GFR)
If nephrotic?
FAAP
Furosemide, ACE-I/ARB, ABx, Pred
nephrotic - immunosuppressant - cyclophosphamide
PKD characteristics?
Renal + extra-renal cysts
Intracranial aneurysms
(aortic root dilatation and aneurysms)
BPH symptoms? (urinary symptoms in general really)
Storage symptoms [FUN]
Frequency, urgency, nocturia
Voiding symptoms [HIIPP]
hesitency, intermittent/incomplete emptying, poor flow /post-void dribbling
Very low risk prostate cancer scores (PSA + gleason + T-score)?
PSA<10
Gleason =< 6
T1/T2
Opioids in kidney disease? Why not morphine/codeine?
tramadol + oxycodone
Morphine + codeine = accumulate in kidney disease
AKI - define
Rise in serum creatinine of 26+ µmol/L in 48 hours.
=>50% rise in serum creatinine in last 7 days
A drop in urine output to 0.5 ml/kg/hour for:
- 6 hours in adults
- 8 hours in children and young people
Acute COPD exacerbation?
SHONA Steroids - oral pred Heparin Oxygen (88-92%) Neb bronchodilators - SABA+SAMA (Salbutamol + Ipratropium) Abx
Foods that contain oxalate?
Chocolate
Tea
Nuts
Testicular swellings?
- Separate and cystic?
- Separate and solid?
- Testicular and cystic?
- Testicular and solid?
- Can’t get above?
Epidydimal cyst
Epididymitis / varicocele
Hydrocele
Tumour/orchitis
Inguinal hernia
Testie torsion pres? Mx?
Ddx?
TENDER, SWOLLEN, RED, HOT, HIGH, TRANSVERSE LIE
Absent cremasteric reflex
N+V
Mx:
orchidectomy + bilateral fixation
Ddx:
Testie appendix torsion (hydatid of morgagni)
Epididymo-orchitis
Testicular Ca Ix?
BALUC (like bollock)
B-hCG -
AFP
LDH
USS
CT abdo pelvis - LNs
Psychological therapies (for psych)?
Primary care:
Counselling
Psychoeducation (group/individual)
CBT
Secondary care: Group therapy Family therapy Psychoanalytic psychotherapy Referral to CMHT
Examples for Bio-Psych-Social managment approach in psych?
Bio - DRUGS
Psych - CBT, Psychoeducation, Counselling, Group therapy
Social - Support (family/carer), Work/Education, Support with engagement/benefits
Clinical features of Dementia? (4 A’s)
Aphasia
Apraxia
Agnosia
Amnesia - anterograde (can’t create new memories)
First rank schneiderlain symptoms (schiz)
PETER TAKES DINNER HOME
Passivity phenoma
Thought disorder
Delusional perception
Hallucinations - 3rd person auditory
Psychiatric assessment
Risk to self
Risk to others
Risk from others
Risk of criminal damage to property
Suicide risk assessment? Mx for each score (4 sets)?
SAD PERSONS Sex (M>F) Age (peaks in young/old) Depression Previous attempts Ethanol - alcohol Rational thinking loss - e.g. schiz / severe depression Support network lost Organised? - note/ avoid detection/ planned or impulsive No significant other Sickness - e.g. physical disease
Scores:
0-2 = keep watch
3-4 = check frequently
5-6 = consider hospital - involuntary/voluntary
7-10 - definite hospital - involuntary/voluntary
Causes of polyhydramnias?
DITCH
Diabetes - causes fetal polyuria = ^AM
Idiopathic/infection (parvovirus/CMV)
Twins - (+TTTS)
Congen abnormalties (e.g. fetal duodenal atresia-swallow difficulty)
Heart failure (due to VSD/Down’s) - causes fetal polyuria (due to ^BNP)= ^AF
Risks of polyhydramnios? (6 Ps)
Placental abruption Pretty unusual lie Premature labour Prolapse cord Post partum haemorrhage Perinatal mortality
4 main indications for induction? (4 Ps)
Post dates
Pre-labour rupture of membranes
Pre-Eclampsia
Plus Diabetes
Diabetes risks in pregnancy?
SMASH Shoulder dystocia Macrosomia Amniotic fluid excess - polyhydramnios Stillbirth Hypertension + neonatal hypoglycaemia
+Miscarriages + congenital malformations = if preceding diabetes
Gestational diabetes levels?
5, 6, 7, 8
Fasting >5.6
2hours post glucose >7.8
When to give Aspirin 75mg as prophylaxis for pre-eclampsia?
ECLAMPT Existing hypertension CKD Lupus Anti-phospholipid Maternal diabetes - pre-existing Previous hypertension in pregnancy Twins
(+nulliparity + obesity + Fam Hx)
Complications of pre-eclampsia? Fetal + Maternal
FIP (fetal) SHAME (maternal)
Fetal growth restriction
Intrauterine death
Premature delivery
Stroke HELLP Abruption of placenta Multi-organ failure (+DIC +/- death) Eclampsia
Types of Small for gestational age - which is IUGR?
SWAN
Starved small (IUGR) - pre-eclampsia, drug/alcohol abuse
Wrong small - i.e. wrong dates
Abnormal small - congentital/chromosomal things
Normal small - genetic (growth velocity ok)
Complications of prematurity
What reduces risk of these? Drug!
Heads, hearts, lungs, and guts (lungs and guts) x2
..and Retinitis drives me nuts
Resp distress Interventricular haemorrhage necrotising enterocolitis (retinitis) congenital heart abnormalities - patent ductus!
Maternal steroids!!! - IM dexa
High risk factors for IUGR?
SHITS (common) CRAP (rare) Smoking Hypertension & pre-eclampsia IUGR previous Twins Previous stillbirth
Cocaine use
Renal disease
Antiphospholipid
PAPPA levels low
Hyperkalaemia management?
C BIG K DRopS
Calcium gluconate - cardioprotective - IV (up to 4 doses)
Bicarbonates - sodium bicarb
Insulin - IV Actrapid
Glucose - IV - 250ml 10% glucose (15-30mins)
Kayexalate - binds K+ in GI tract (Calcium resonium)
Diuretics - if kidneys GOOD
Renal Dialysis - if kidneys BAD (either HD / PD)
Salbutamol - Nebs
Hyperkalaemia causes
Drugs:
ACE-I/ARBs
Diuretics - K+sparing - spironolactone, amilliride
Beta-blockers
Conditions:
AKI
Rhabdomyolysis (causes AKI aswell - myoglobin deposits in kidneys and forms casts) K+ predominantly intracellular
CKD
Addison’s - K+ ^ in renal addison’s (as driven by ACTH - which is high in renal, low in central)
Hyperkalaemia ECG
Tall tented T-waves
Small/absent p waves
Broad QRS
APTT measures what drug?
PT measures what drug?
APTT - heparin/LMWH
PT - warfarin - extrinsic pathway
Quick trick for hepatically excreted drugs? Why?
blood brain barrier drugs (i.e. neuro/nerve shit) - as need to be fat soluble to cross BBB
What renal patients does ACE-I not work?
if renovascular disease / hypovolaemia is the cause of AKI
USED IF PROTEINURIA!
Use as happy to accept small dip in GFR for benefits
Extra Mx for STI? (sex)
SEX
Screen for other STIs
Education - e.g. condom use
Explain about partner education
PCOS criteria (i.e. signs and symptoms). Hint - where did Villa win the european cup??
ROTTERDAM
SHOP string of pearls hyperandrogenism - acne+hirsutism Oligomenorrhea - irregular + heavy Prolactin normal (also insulin resistance)
Risk factors for Ectopic? (kate middleton’s sister)
PIPPA (1/3rd have no risk factors) Previous ectopic IUD - (if got pregnant with it in) Pelvic/tubal surgery PID Assisted reproduction
Common types of HPV + associations? (nursery rhyme)
1 and 2, do up my shoe (veruccas)
11 and 6, warts on pricks (genital warts)
Please beware sweet little 16
Like number 18, she’s an oncogene (Cervical cancer)
Causes of cerebellar signs?
PASTIES
P - Posterior fossa tumour A - Alcohol S - Multiple sclerosis T - Trauma I - Inherited (e.g. Friedreich's ataxia) E - Epilepsy treatments S - Stroke
What triggers a sickle cell crisis?
CHIDS:
Cold Hypoxia (extreme exercise) Infection Dehydration Stress
Common cytokines amongst seronegative arthropathies?
TNF + IL-17 (why they have linked features)
Nail changes psoriatic arthritis
Pitting
Oncholysis - nail separates from bed
COMMON EXAM QUESTIONS -‘YOUNG PERSON GOING ABROAD’
REACTIVE ARTHRITIS (?i.e. because of STI?) - ITS CHLAYMDIA BRUV
or a GI infection - Campylobacter/salmonella/shigella
Organs / Features of MM?
Protein present in Urine?
Blood film finding?
CRAB Calcium elevation Renal impariment Anaemia Bone disease - lytic / osteoporotic
Bence Jones Protein
rouleaux formation - stacking of RBCs
Philadelphia chromosome?
T(9:22)
TTP = EMERGENCY. Pentad of symps?
Fuck Renal HTN
Fever Renal failure Haemolytic anaemia Thrombocytopenia Neuro change
TTP absence of what? Gene mutation?
VWF cleaving protein [ADAMTS-13]
Rituximab indications - EXAM QUESTION!
it is an example of a biologic drug
RA, lymphoma, ANCA associated vasculitis, SLE
Used in HyperThy instead of Carbimazole if pregnant????
Propylthiouracil
Symptoms of hypercalcaemia?
QT length? Muscles?
Bones, stones, abdominal moans, thrones, psychic overtones
- Painful bones (osteitis fibrosa cystica)
- thrones - polyuria
- psychic - depression, psychosis, memory loss
Short QT
Muscle weakness/fatigue
Hypercalcaemia long term complication - after penia+porosis
Osteitis fibrosa cystica - pepperpot skull + subperiostal resorption (phalanges)
What stimulates prolactin release at ant. pit?
TRH - so think about primary hypothyroid in prolactinaemia causes
Difference between acromegaly and gigantism?
Gigantism = before closure of epiphyseal plates! I.e. when young!
Layers of adrenals?
GFR - Salt, Sugar, Sex (the lower you go the sweeter it gets!)
Zone glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids - aldosterone
Zona fasiculata - glucocorticoid - cortisol
Zona reticularis - androgens - DHEA
Effects of cortisol?
RIDGE
Reproduction SUPPRESSION Immunity SUPPRESSION Digestion SUPPRESSION Growth SUPPRESSION Energy MOBILISATION
Addison’s features?
5 Ts
Tearful - depression, confusion, Thin - anorexia, weight loss, N+V Tanned - skin pigmentation Tired - fatigue + muscle weakness Tumbling - faintness due to hypotenison
Bronchiolitis poem
In kids under 1, there’s a common disease
With cough, snotty nose, crackles and wheeze
Always record the respiratory rate
If it’s severe, they’ll desaturate
ToF features? Embryology
PROVE Pulmonary stenosis...causing: RVH over-riding aorta VSD - R-->L shunt (due to pulmonary stenosis) Ejection systolic murmur
UNEQUAL PARTITIONING OF TRUNCUS ARTERIOSUS
Down’s syndrome face / head features?
Others?
ROSEOLA (n.b. roseola not more common in down’s)
Round face
Occipital flattening (&nasal flattening)
Speckled iris (Brushfield spots) + Squint
Epicanthic folds
Open mouth + protruding tongue
Low set ears
Almond (oval) up-slanted eyes
Others:
Hand - single transverse palmar crease, short fingers, curved little finger
Feet - sandal gap
AVPU score meaning?
Alert?
responds to voice?
responds to pain?
Unresponsive?
Status epilepticus management!
Oh My Lord Phone the Anaesthetist
Oxygen (after ABC)
Midazolam (buccal / rectal diazepam / IV lorazepam)
Lorazepam IV (after 10mins)
Phenytoin IV
Rapid induction of anaethesia - risk of aspiration!!
What prompts admission for bronchiolitis?
DRAMAS
Dehydration Resp rate >70 / marked increased WOB - recession/grunting Apnoeic episodes Milk/fluid intake <50% of normal Appearance - ill / exhausted Sats <92%
Asthma Ix + signs of severe asthma?
5 PROPS
Peak flow - <50% best/predicted RR >30 O2 sats <92% Pulse >125/min Sentances - too breathless to talk
Life threatening asthma?
33, 92 CHEST
PEF < 33% best/predicted Sats < 92% .... and any one of: - Cyanosis - Hypotension - Exhausation w/ poor resp effort - Silent chest - Tired / confused (i.e. reduced conscious level)
What to give with methotrexate in Rheumatoid, why here and not in anti-cancer?
FOLIC ACID - as in rheumatoid = not using this function to treat. Using another methotrexate function
Examples of anti-TNF
What is rituximanb?
What is tocilizumab? What effect does this have on what inflam marker? significance?
Infliximab
Etanercept
Golimumab
Adalimumab
Ritux = anti CD20 - anti-B cells
Tocilizumab (anti IL-6) - this is a pre-cursor for CRP - so will have low CRP - issue if expecting high CRP - need to know if taking this drug - i.e. in septic arthritis will not see ^CRP
What is the epidermis made out of?
4 layers pls
Keratinocytes (at different levels of maturation
BROWN SLUGS GRAB COCKS Stratum: - Basale - Spinosum - Granulosum - Corneum
SEs of oral corticosteroids?
SHIP DOC
Syndrome (Cushing's) HTN Immunosuppresion Psychosis Diabetes Osteoporosis Cataracts
What not to give in Acne (may give it in other skin conditions)
Oral/Systemic STEROIDS!! - Causes acne!!!
- e.g. Cushing’s
?topical ok?
investigation for alopecia?
Positive hair pull test (>5)
How does urticaria present?
WHEALS (think about nettle sting!!)
Other than Topical retinoids + ABx / Oral retinoids, what can you give in mod/severe acne?
COCP - in females!!!
Path salivary gland swelling?
Infection, inflammation, obstruction, tumour
Autonomic comps of tricyclics?
TURD MOUTH + constipation
Tachycardia
Urinary retention
Dry mouth
Endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm - what do they form?
Endo - Liver, pancreas
Ecto - brain, spinal cord, skin
Meso - muscles, bones, heart + circulation
Tonsilitis - bug. Scoring system? Mx?
Viral - coxsackie, EBV, HSV Strep Pyogenes - FeverPAIN - Fever >38 in last 24hours - Purulent tonsils - Absence of cough - Inflammed tonsils - New onset (<=3days)
3 or 4 = 40-60% chance bacterial
Mx:
Antipyretics - NSAIDs/paracetamol
Abx - penicillin V
Quinsy also known as? What is it?
Peritonsilar abcess. Comp of tonsilitis - pus trapped between tonsil + pharyngeal wall
Otitis media - comps?
common: OME, CSOM, perforation
MASTOIDITIS, facial nerve palsy, meningitis
GCS score?
EVM
456
Cushings triad (in ^ICP)
Bradycardia, hypotension, apnoea
4 stages of HIV?
Seroconversion / primary
- short illness soon after infection (highest infectivity)
- ABs detectable, antigens not!
- BLOTCHY RED RASH
Asymptomatic HIV infection
- can last years
- progressive CD4 depletion + lymphadenopathy
Symptomatic HIV
- Opportunistic infections + some cancers
Late stage HIV +/- AIDS
- Further opportunistic infections
- AIDs related complex
When to consider viral haemorhagic fever?
NOTIFY PUBLIC HEALTH ENGLAND
unexplained pyrexia
hypovolaemia, bleeding, ^vascular permeability, organ failure
-essentially just lose everything - all clotting prolonged, leukocytopenia, thrombocytopaenia
Sleeping sickness also known as?
Trypanosomiasis
3 malaria species pls?
Plasmodium Falciparum
P. Vivax
P. Ovale
Brain stem death signs?
No resp effort in reaction to turning off ventilator No response to pain REFLEXES: - No pupil light refex - No corneal reflex - No cough reflex - no response to supra-orbital pressure
Zoledronic acid SEs?
Osteonecrosis of jaw
Gastritis
Oesophagitis
Drug causes of reduced sodium?
Steroids PPI (change it to ranitidine) SSRI Carbamazepine Fluids Thiazide diuretics
Complications of malaria?
CHARD Cerebral malaria Hypoglycaemia ARDS Renal impairment DIC
(pre-hepatic jaundice (haem anaemia) + hepatitis)
Risk with chemo induced myelosuppression?
Neutropenic sepsis
Meds that worsen hypercalcaemia?
Thiazide diuretics
Lithium
Calcium supplements
What is tumour lysis syndrome?
Most common Ca to get it in?
Why do you get AKI?
Excessive cell lysis
Metabolic + electrolyte imbalances = upon starting cytotoxic treatment –> ^Uric acid mainly
Lymphoma
AKI = due to uric acid nephropathy
Lab findings tumour lysis syndrome?
Hyperuracaemia, hyperkalaemia, hyperphosphataemia - arrhythmia
Hypo calcaemia - muscle cramps, tetany
Management of tumour lysis syndrome?
allopurinol rasburicase Mx of hyperkalaemia Fluids consider dialysis
Comps/symps of liver disease?
JEBA (JABBA THE HUT)
Jaundice
encephalopathy
bleeding
ascites
Features of mania?
I DIG FAST
Insight lost Distractibility Impulsivity Grandiosity Flight of ideas Activty increase Sleep deficit Talkitiveness
Charcot’s triad? (For ascending cholangitis)
RUQ pain
Fever
Jaundice
How to assess Abdo Xray?
Big Cuddly Spanish Giants
Bones, Calcium, Soft Tissue, Gas
Ages for Leukaemias?
ALL CeLL mates have CoMmon AMbitions
(ages 45-75 = go up in 10s)
ALL - < 5 + > 45years
CLL - >55yrs
CML - >65yrs
AML - >75yrs
4 strengths of topical steroid cream (getting stronger)
Harvey Elliot Beats Defenders
Hydrocortisone
Clobetasone butyrate (Eumovate)
Betamethasone valerate (Betnovate)
Clobetasol propionate (Dermovate)