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CHEMISTRY FURTHER ADDITIONAL > 3a > Flashcards

3a Flashcards

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1
Q

In the early 1800’s what did they have to go on in terms of the periodic table?

A

Atomic mass

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2
Q

What was the main fault of Newlands’ law of octaves?

A

Didn’t leave gaps for undiscovered elements

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3
Q

What was good about Mendeleev’s periodic table?

A

He left gaps for where he new other elements would be discovered and placed

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4
Q

What do Alkali Metals form with Non-metals?

A

Ionic compounds

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5
Q

Describe fluorine

A

Very reactive, poisonous yellow gas

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6
Q

Describe Chlorine

A

Fairly reactive, poisonous dense green gas

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7
Q

Describe Bromine

A

Dense poisonous red-brown volatile liquid

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8
Q

Describe Iodine

A

Dark green crystalline solid or a purple vapour

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9
Q

What does volatile mean?

A

It evaporates easily/ at low temperatures

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10
Q

Name some properties of transition metals

A

Good conductors of heat and electricity, very dense, strong, shiny, less reactive than group 1 metals, higher melting points

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11
Q

What makes a good catalyst (section in the periodic table)?

A

Transition metals and their compounds all make good catalysts

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12
Q

What is the catalyst used in the Haber process for making ammonia?

A

Iron

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13
Q

What is the catalyst used in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide?

A

Manganese(IV) oxide

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14
Q

What transition metal is useful for turning oils into fats for making margarine?

A

Nickel

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15
Q

Which lathers better, hard or soft water?

A

Soft

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16
Q

What does hard water produce?

A

Scum and scale

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17
Q

Why is scum produced by hard water?

A

There are dissolved calcium and magnesium ions in the water that react with the soap

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18
Q

When heated what does hard water form?

A

Scale on the insides of pipes, boilers and kettles

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19
Q

Give three examples of why hard water is more expensive to deal with

A

Need to use more soap to create a lather, badly scaled-up pipes and boilers reduce in efficiency and therefore might need to be replaced, if scale gets on heating element of kettle will become less efficient (scale is a thermal insulator)

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20
Q

What are two advantages of hard water?

A

Ca2+ ions are good for healthy teeth and bones, less risk of developing heart disease

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21
Q

What are the two types of hardness?

A

Temporary and permanent

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22
Q

What is temporary hardness caused by?

A

Hydrogencarbonate ion

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23
Q

What is permanent hardness caused by?

A

Dissolved calcium sulfate

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24
Q

How is temporary hardness removed?

A

By boiling, when heated calcium hydrogencarbonate decomposes to form calcium carbonate which is insoluble. Thus solid is the ‘limescale’ in a kettle

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25
Q

Name one way that can soften both types of hardness (adding…)

A

Adding washing soda (sodium carbonate). The added carbonate ions react with the ions in the water (cal+mag) to make an insoluble precipitate of cal and mag carbonate. means no cal and mag ions to make the water hard

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26
Q

Name one way that can soften both types of hardness (running water through…)

A

Running the water through ion exchange columns. The columns have lot of sodium ions & exchange them for cal or mag ions in the water that runs through them

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27
Q

What can you use to compare the hardness of water samples?

A

Titration

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28
Q

What are the four stages that water from reservoirs go through before going to consumers?

A

Water passes through mesh screen- remove big bits, twigs. Chemicals added make solids and microbes stick together & fall to bottom. Water is filtered through gravel beds- remove all solids. Water is chlorinated- kill off any harmful chemicals left

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29
Q

What other additional steps do some people take after the treated water comes out of the tap?

A

Filters containing carbon or silver to remove substances from their tap water. Carbon removes the chlorine taste and silver is supposed to kill bugs.

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30
Q

Why is pure water not tapped?

A

It would be too expensive to distill it all, energy to boil all of the water we use

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31
Q

Name one advantage and one disadvantage of adding chlorine to water

A

Prevents disease, increase in certain cancer- can react with natural substances in water to produce toxic-by-products

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32
Q

Name one advantage and one disadvantage of adding fluoride to water

A

Reduces tooth decay, cause cancer and bone problems

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33
Q

What is a reversible reaction?

A

One where the products of the reaction can themselves react to produce the original reactants

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34
Q

What is Equilibrium?

A

The amounts of reactants and products will reach a certain balance and stay there

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35
Q

What does the reversible reaction have to take place in for a state of equilibrium to be reached?

A

A closed system (none of the reactants or products can escape)

36
Q

In a reversible reaction, what does the ‘position of the equilibrium’ depend on?

A

Temperature & pressure surrounding reaction. if alter temperature or pressure can move position of equilibrium to give more product & less reactants

37
Q

If you raise the temperature of a reversible reaction what will happen?

A

The endothermic reaction will increase to use up the extra heat

38
Q

If you reduce the temperature of a reversible reaction what will happen?

A

The exothermic reaction will increase to give out the extra heat

39
Q

If you raise the pressure of a reversible reaction what will happen?

A

It will encourage the reaction which produces less volume

40
Q

If you lower the pressure of a reversible reaction what will happen?

A

It will encourage the reaction which produces more volume

41
Q

Does adding a catalyst change the equilibrium position?

A

No, it will speed up the reaction but by the same amount on each side

42
Q

What does the Haber process produce and what is it used to make?

A

It produces ammonia (NH3) which is used to make fertilisers

43
Q

Nitrogen + Hydrogen = ?

A

Ammonia

44
Q

In the reaction to make ammonia, is it reversible?

A

Yes

45
Q

What are the industrial conditions needed for the Haber process?

A

Pressure: 200 atmospheres
Temperature: 450ºc
Catalyst: Iron

46
Q

Describe why the industrial conditions of the Haber process are set as they are

A

Higher pressures favour –> reaction, the pressure is set as high as possible to I’ve the best % yield. –> reaction is exothermic so ++ temperature will move the equilibrium the wrong way so yield of ammonia would be best at lower temperatures BUT the rate of reaction is lower at lower temperatures, 450ºc is a compromise.

47
Q

What state is ammonia after the Haber process?

A

Formed as a gas but as it cools in the condenser it liquifies and is removed

48
Q

How is nothing wasted in the Haber process?

A

The unused hydrogen and nitrogen are recycled

49
Q

What does the iron catalyst do in the Haber process?

A

It speeds up the reaction (gets it to equilibrium more quickly and keeps costs down because it also means that the temperature does not have to be raised as high a quick enough rate of reaction

50
Q

What is the general formula of an alcohol?

A

C(n)H(2n+1)OH

51
Q

All alcohols contain the same what group?

A

-OH

52
Q

What three properties do the first three alcohols share?

A

Alcohol are flammable- they burn in air to produce carbon dioxide and water, All dissolve completely in water to form neutral solutions, React with sodium to give hydrogen and alkoxides

53
Q

Ethanol is the main alcohol in alcoholic drinks, what does it damage

A

The liver and the brain

54
Q

What does the reaction between sodium and an alcohol produce?

A

Hydrogen and an alkoxide

55
Q

What would methanol do to you if drunk?

A

Causes blindness

56
Q

What three things can alcohols be used as?

A

Drinks, solvents, fuels

57
Q

Give two example of substances that alcohols can dissolve that water can’t

A

Hydrocarbons, oils and fats

58
Q

Why is ethanol used as the solvent for perfumes?

A

It can mix with both the oils (smell) and the water (bulk)

59
Q

What is a methylated spirit and what is it used for?

A

Ethanol with chemicals added to it, used to clean paint brushes and as a fuel

60
Q

Name two ways ethanol is used as a fuel

A

Spirit burners, mixed with petrol as fuel for cars

61
Q

Why is ethanol a good fuel?

A

Burns quite cleanly, non-smelly, can be formed from sugar cane and therefore is a renewable resource

62
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acid?

A

-COOH

63
Q

What is the basic naming system for alcohols?

A

replace -e with -ol e.g. methane = methanol

64
Q

What is the basic naming system for carboxylic acids?

A

-anoic acid e.g. methanoic acid, ethanoic acid

65
Q

How do carboxylic acids react?

A

Just like any other acid to produce carbon dioxide and water

66
Q

What are the salts formed in Carboxylic reactions called?

A

an -anoate e.g. methanoic acid will form a methanoate

67
Q

What happens when carboxylic acids dissolve in water?

A

Produce acidic solutions, ionise and produce a few H+ ions, don’t ionise completely only form weak acidic solutions, higher pH than aqueous solutions of other strong acids with the same concentration

68
Q

How can ethanoic acid be made?

A

Oxidising ethanol

69
Q

If ethanoic acid is dissolved in water what does it make?

A

Vinegar

70
Q

What are carboxylic acids with longer chains of carbon atoms used to make?

A

Sopas and detergents

71
Q

What are carboxylic acids used in the preparation of?

A

Esters

72
Q

Ethanoic acid is a very good solvent for many organic molecules, so why isn’t it usually chosen?

A

It makes the solution acidic

73
Q

What are esters formed from and what is usually used?

A

An alcohol and a carboxylic acid along side an acid catalyst

74
Q

Alcohol + carboxylic acid –>

A

Ester + water

75
Q

What is the functional group of esters?

A

-COO-

76
Q

How do you form the name of an ester?

A

ETHanol + ETHANoic acid –> ETHyl ETHANoate + water

77
Q

What do esters smell like?

A

Nice, sweet and fruity

78
Q

Why can esters be dangerous?

A

Highly flammable

79
Q

Do esters mix well with water?

A

Nope

80
Q

What are esters used in?

A

Ointments, solvents, perfumes, flavourings

81
Q

What four things do you need to think about when using esters?

A

Inhaling fumes of some irritates mucus membranes, ester fumes are flammable, some esters are toxic, aren’t as volatile or as toxic as some other organic solvents

82
Q

What colour is the flame of potassium?

A

Lilac

83
Q

What colour is the flame of calcium?

A

Red

84
Q

What colour is the flame of sodium?

A

Yellow/orange

85
Q

What colour is the flame of lithium?

A

Crimson

86
Q

What colour is the flame of barium?

A

Green

CHEMISTRY FURTHER ADDITIONAL (2 decks)

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