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Neuro Quiz 3 > 38_Limbic System_Jullet > Flashcards

38_Limbic System_Jullet Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the limbic system located in?

A

interconnected nuclei in telencephalon + diencephalon

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2
Q

What is the function of the limbic system?

A

1) regulate autonomic + endocrine function, especially in response to emotional stimuli 2) motivation and reinforcing behaviors, 3) various forms of memory, 4) connected to the olfactory system

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3
Q

What comprises the cortical structures of the limbic system? Subcortical structures?

A

CORTICAL: hippocampus + neocortex aka limbic cortex (PICOS = parahippcampal gyrus, insular cortex, cingulate gyrus, orbital frontal cortex, subcallosal gyrus). SUBCORTICAL: Olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, amygdala, septal nuclei, thalamic structures (A-HOST)

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4
Q

What is the neocortex (aka limbic cortex) of the limbic system comprised of?

A

PICOS = parahippcampal gyrus, insular cortex, cingulate gyrus, orbital frontal cortex, subcallosal gyrus

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5
Q

What connects the frontal lobe to the temporal lobe?

A

uncinate fasciculus

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6
Q

What connects the frontal lobe to the occpital lobe?

A

inferior + superior occipital frontal fasciculus

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7
Q

What connects Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area?

A

Arcuate Fasiculus

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8
Q

What connects the hippocampus to the septal nuclei + hypothalamus?

A

fornix

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9
Q

What connects the hypothalamus to the amygdala?

A

ventral amygdalofugal pathway

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10
Q

What connects the septal nuclei to the amygdala?

A

stria terminalis

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11
Q

What connects the septal nuclei to the hypothalamus?

A

medial forebrain bundle

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12
Q

What connects the orbital frontal cortex to the hypothalamus?

A

medial forebrain bundle

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13
Q

What are the effector/output functions of the limbic system?

A

endocrine, autonomic, behavior

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14
Q

What are the structures involved in the OUTPUT of the limbic system?

A

1) Septal nuclei, 2) midbrain RF and PAG, and 3) hypothalamus “SMH”, which are connected by the medial forebrain bundle. Remember that the effector functons of the limbic system are: endocrine, autonomic, behavior

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15
Q

How are the septal nuclei involved in neuroendocrine functions and memory?

A

NEUROENDOCRINE: it has GnRH projections to the hypothalamus median eminence. MEMORY: It has cholinergic pathways to the hippocampus

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16
Q

What happens if there is a lesion to the septal nuclei?

A

septal rage - behavioral overreaction following minimal stimuli

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17
Q

What is the function of the limbic cortex?

A

assigns value or meaning to a particular experience

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18
Q

What are of the brain is highly developed compared to chimps?

A

prefrontal cortex (neocortex)

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19
Q

What is the orbital frontal cortex important for?

A

judgement, insight, motivation, mood, and conditioned emotional reactions

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20
Q

What is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex important for?

A

executive functions - planning, initiating, abstracting, working memory, sequencing

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21
Q

What is the orbital + medial prefrontal cortex important for?

A

mood, motivation, emotional control, reactivity, personality

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22
Q

What happens if you damage the prefrontal cortex?

A

difficulties with abstract reasoning, judgement moods, solving puzzles, tactless

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23
Q

Mood disorders are generally associated with abnormal function in this area:

A

prefrontal cortex (neocortex)

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24
Q

What part of the brain is involved in depression and pain?

A

cingulate cortex “Being C-ingle is depressing and painful”

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25
Q

The cingulate cortex is involved in pain and depression. What areas are over-activated? Underactivated?

A

overactive: anterior cingulate. Underactive: posterior cingulate. anterior cingulate always has to be first and therefore it’s hyperactive

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26
Q

Why is deep brain stimulation used to treat depression?

A

In depressed peeps, the anterior cingulate is overactive. Deep brain stimulation of this area results in a net INHIBITION of this area.

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27
Q

What my account for the overactive anterior cingulate observed in depressed people?

A

this may be due to an overactive medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus, which projects to the pre-frontal cortex/anterior cingulate

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28
Q

What 3 components form the central olfactory pathway?

A

1) olfactory tubercle, 2) piriform cortex on the rostral surface of uncus, 3) medial amygdala within the uncus

29
Q

Where does the piriform cortex projec to?

A

medial-dorsal nucleus of the thalamus

30
Q

Where does the amygdala project to?

A

ventromedial nucleus of the HYPOTHALAMUS (invovled in feeding, influences emotional + endocrine reactions

31
Q

Where is the amygdala found?

A

anterior temporal lobe within the uncus; at the tip of the lateral ventricle (inferior horn)

32
Q

The amygdala forms reciprocal connections with:

A

everything but the olfactory bulb

33
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

1) ASSIGNS emotional value to sensory, auditory, and visual cues and 2) COORDINATES behavior + autonomic + endocrine responses to environmental stimuli.

34
Q

What happens if you stimulate the amygdala?

A

RAGE. ARrrGGG

35
Q

What happens if there is a unilateral lesion in the amygdala? Bilateral lesion?

A

UNILATERAL: reduced ANS+behavioral responses to stress. BILATERAL: Kluver-Bucy Syndrome - visual agnosia, compulsive oral tendencies, no fear or anger, docile, hypersexual

36
Q

What is the Kluver-Bucy Syndrome?

A

CAUSE: bilateral lesions in the amygdala. SYMPTOMS: visual agnosia, compulsive oral tendencies, no fear or anger, docile, hypersexual

37
Q

What type of neurons is predominant in the amygdala?

A

CRF neurons that project to the hypothalamus via the ventral amygdalofugal pathway. Incresed sympathetic activity (fear/stress) can induce release of CRF -> ACTH release -> Cortisol release -> behavioral reaction associated with fear and stress

38
Q

What is the input to the amygdala?

A

association cortices (visual, auditory, olfactory).

39
Q

How does auditory information arrive to the amygdala?

A

Auditory -> medial geniculate + auditory cortex -> amygdala -> circuits that influence somatomotor, autonomic, and endocrine activity

40
Q

What is the output from the amygdala?

A

somatomotor, autonomic, and endocrine activity

41
Q

The hippocampus is this type of cortex

A

allocortex (part of the cerebral cortex that’s characterized by fever cells than the neocortex (<6))

42
Q

Where is the hippocampus found?

A

medial aspect of the temporal lobe; forms the medial wall of the lateral ventricle

43
Q

The hippocampus is made up of these 3 structures:

A

1) DG, 2) Cornu Ammonis (CA fields, pyramidal cells), 3) Subiculum (adjacent to entorhinal cortex

44
Q

What are the AFferents to the hippocampus? (2)

A

1) entorhinal cortex, 2) septal nuclei + hypothalamus (via fornix)

45
Q

What are the EFferents to the hippocampus? (2)

A

1) entorhinal cortex, 2) fornix

46
Q

Where does the entorhinal cortex receives its information from? (3)

A

1) association cortices (visual, auditory, olfactory), 2) limbic cortex, 3) amygdala

47
Q

Limbic inputs (amygdala + cingulate gyrus) are conferred to the hippocampus via this pathway

A

perforant pathway.

48
Q

The entorhinal cortex projects directly to the DG and CA1 of the hippocampus via this pathway:

A

perforant pathway

49
Q

Cortical inputs (from association cortices) are conferred to the hippocampus via this pathway

A

alveolar pathway

50
Q

The entorhinal cortex projects directly to the SUBICULUM and CA1 of the hippocampus via this pathway:

A

alveolar pathway

51
Q

Perforant pathway connects the entorhinal cortex to:

A

DG and CA1

52
Q

Alveolar pathway connects the entorhinal cortex to:

A

Subiculum and CA1

53
Q

The hippocampus sends output to various limbic structures via this:

A

fornix

54
Q

The fornix has this unique feature:

A

it divides at the anterior commissure to innervate various structures.

55
Q

Pre-anterior commissure fibers of the fornix innervate: (2)

A

mammillary bodies + anterior nucleus of thalamus

56
Q

Post-anterior commissure fibers of the fornix innervate: (2)

A

Septal nuclei, pre-optic nuclei of hypothalamus, ventral striatum, orbital frontal cortex, subcallosal cortex.

57
Q

Where does the septal nuclei project to? (2)

A

1) hypothalamus, 2) Amygdala (via stria terminalis)

58
Q

What roles do the hippocampus have? (4)

A

1) glucocorticoid production, 2) movement, 3) mapping environment via place cells, 4) declarative memory (explicit, short term)

59
Q

What happens if you have a lesion in the hippocampus?

A

no new declarative memory can be formed

60
Q

What happens if you have a lesion in the place cells of the hippocampus?

A

can’t do the water maze test

61
Q

What is Korsakoff’s psychosis?

A

alcohol-induced degeneration of dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus + mammillary bodies –> leads to short-term memory loss

62
Q

What is the pathway of short-term memory formation?

A

polymodal association cortex -> parahippocampal gyrus -> entorhinal cortex -> DG -> hippocampus -> subiculum -> entorhinal cortex -> Parahippocampal gyrus -> polymodal association cortex -> various cortices for long-term storage

63
Q

What are 3 things that can affect memory?

A

1) hippocampal lesions, 2) OH induced degeneration of dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus + mammillary bodies, 3) blocked glutamate/inhibit

64
Q

How is the limbic circuitry linked to the reward circuitry?

A

via ventral striatum. Both the limbic system (Amygdala, hippocampus, and limbic cortex) AND the mesolimbic reward system (VTA neurons) project to the ventral striatum

65
Q

How does cocaine addiction occur?

A

cocaine causes dopamine release but inhibits reuptake. Because there are more dopamine hanging around, the dopamine receptors get desensitized and more is needed to achieve the same effect

66
Q

What is the molecular basis of schizophrenia?

A

DIMINISHED dopamine input to the prefrontal cortex (via mesocortical pathways), but INCREASED dopamine input to limbic areas

67
Q

What is the net result of diminished dopamine input to the prefrontal cortex?

A

negative symptoms: withdrawal, decreased outward emotional responsiveness

68
Q

What is the net result of increased dopamine input to limbic areas?

A

positive symptoms: delusions, hallucinations

Neuro Quiz 3 (7 decks)

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