3.8 uses of computing

Question 1

cctv / recording in public - ethical

Answer 1

• are members of public happy with being recorded outdoors/indoors
• recording of adverts leading to unfair product placement
• can people use images/recordings maliciously
• inadvertently capturing copyrighted info
• crimes/emergencies caught on camera
• what areas appropriate to film

Question 2

cctv / recording in public - legal

Answer 2

• permission to record certain places - laws in some areas may be more restrictive than others
• illegal to film people on their private land
• aspects of data protection legislation might apply
• inadvertently capturing copyrighted info, leading to legislation breach
• security of information storage

Question 3

cctv / recording in public - cultural

Answer 3

• some cultural beliefs may not allow photography of people
• do people have right to request deletion of their images / recordings

Question 4

driverless cars - moral

Answer 4

• who takes responsibility in the event of an accident? is it the developers?
• developing moral decisions in time of crisis - who does vehicle crash into
• perpetuating/increasing use of vehicles, negative impact on environment
• ability to keep passengers protected from hackers who might want to take over controls
• are passengers trustful enough of a driverless car

Question 5

driverless cars - ethical

Answer 5

• taxi drivers out of business
• other similar businesses may follow suit in automated processes, more people out of jobs
• customers may be unaware vehicle is driverless
• if customer ill, taxi may not be able to deal with the situation

Question 6

driverless cars - legal

Answer 6

• legal responsibility for accidents
• if videos/images taken during driving, privacy infringement
• passengers may find it easier to defraud / not pay taxi company

Question 7

driverless cars - cultural

Answer 7

• some cultures may dislike assignation of human virtues on machines
• culture of the ‘cabbie’ may be damaged
• most accidents caused by driver error, use of driverless cars (in theory) improves safety. can public be persuaded of this?

Question 8

legally bypassing restricted access of a device - ethical

Answer 8

• popo may see disturbing and traumatic images/messages
• may be seen as breach of privacy
• personal data (such as photos) may be lost
• popo may misuse device for their own purposes
• popo may use phone to contact (potential) victims + offer support
• popo may use phones to perform “stings” on other criminals
• slippery slope - will this lead to right to share encrypted / private data
• increased conflict between popo and public
• people may have private photos/data which, while legal, may go against their culture or cultural beliefs of the popo

Question 9

legally bypassing restricted access of a device - legal

Answer 9

• popo may have to let people they believe to be guilty go free if they cannot access the data
• breach of (human rights of) privacy by accessing encrypted data
• popo may be able to use the data to solve other crimes / prevent further criminal activity
• popo may not keep data secure
• what level of authority / permission needed to access private data
• may be breaking the law if manufacturer / person refuses access

Question 10

wearable tech (including camera) - moral / ethical

Answer 10

• unethical to collect data about people without them knowing what it is to be used for
• unethical to have people wear a device if they don’t have full understanding of it
• if device in testing, may not be as reliable as prev/other devices - system might fail / send incorrect data
• unethical use / observation of recordings
• unethical to have actions monitored in more detail than just essential life signs
• invasion of privacy
• who controls the data
• consider exactly what data recorded/stored

Question 11

wearable tech (including camera) - legal

Answer 11

• data stored securely / in compliance with the data protection regulations
• who can view the data
• who is responsible if device goes wrong and someone dies
• what happens if illegal activity caught
• how long will data be stored / what happens if resident dies
• do others need to be told about camera
• who owns the data

Question 12

wearable tech (including camera) - cultural

Answer 12

• videoing someone w/o their knowledge against cultural beliefs
• residents of opposite gender to staff may not want them viewing certain images/recordings

Question 13

properties of a robot

Answer 13

• mechanical structure
• can sense environment
• can manipulate things
• can make coordinated movements
• some degree of intelligence
• programmable

Question 14

computers will never be as intelligent as a human reasons

Answer 14

• lack emotion
• define intelligence
• no computer has passed turing test
• intelligence can only be bestowed by god

Question 15

computers capable of being as intelligent as a human reasons

Answer 15

• mimic intelligent behaviour, like chess
• tech developing at fast pace

Question 16

why is it difficult to catch and identify hackers

Answer 16

• criminals can be in other country (with different laws)
• use of dynamic IP address
• no physical evidence
• use of public computers / wi-fi
• people embarrassed to report they’ve been hacked

Question 17

Data Protection Act 2018 principles

Answer 17

• lawfulness, fairness and transparency
• purpose limitation (only process personal data for purpose it was intended for)
• data minimisation (only gather and keep exact amount of data needed)
• accuracy (data should be accurate and truthful)
• storage limitation (don’t store data that is no longer needed)
• accountability (data processor responsible for complying with the GDPR)
• confidentiality

Question 18

computer misuse act 1990

Answer 18

criminalises:
- unauthorised access to computer systems + data
- and the damaging or destroying of these

Question 19

copyright, designs and patents act 1988

Answer 19

• gives the creator the exclusive right to their work
• this right can be sold or transferred
• protects the intellectual property of individuals

Question 20

regulation of investigatory power act 2016

Answer 20

• allows use of investigatory powers by security agencies, law enforcement and other public authorities
• interception of comms, acquisition + retention of comms data

Question 21

health and safety at work act

Answer 21

places a legal duty on employers to ensure the;
- health
- safety
- welfare of employees
- ensure that employees and others are kept safe

Question 22

some extra cases

Answer 22

• lithium batteries (how they’re mined, disposed of)
• deepfakes
• machine learning (can machines make ethical decisions)