3.8: The cell cycle Flashcards
Only some cells in multicellular organisms retain the ability to do what?
Only some cells in multicellular organisms retain the ability to divide
Only some cells in multicellular organisms retain the ability to divide.
Those that do not divide continuously undergo what?
Those cells that do not divide continuously undergo the cell cycle
The cell cycle
The cell cycle is a regular cycle of division separated by periods of cell growth
The cell cycle has how many stages?
The cell cycle has 3 stages:
- Interphase
- Nuclear division
- Division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis)
The cell cycle has 3 stages: Interphase, nuclear division and division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis).
What occupies most of the cell cycle?
Interphase occupies most of the cell cycle
The cell cycle has 3 stages: Interphase, nuclear division and division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis).
- Interphase occupies most of the cell cycle and is sometimes known as the what phase?
Interphase:
- Occupies most of the cell cycle
- Is sometimes known as the resting phase
The cell cycle has 3 stages: Interphase, nuclear division and division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis).
- Interphase occupies most of the cell cycle and is sometimes known as the resting phase, because what?
Interphase:
- Occupies most of the cell cycle
- Is sometimes known as the resting phase, because no division takes place
The cell cycle has 3 stages: Interphase, nuclear division and division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis).
- Nuclear division is when the nuclear divides either into what?
Nuclear division is when the nuclear divides either into:
- 2 (mitosis)
Or,
- 4 (meiosis)
The cell cycle has 3 stages: Interphase, nuclear division and division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis).
- Division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis) follows what?
Division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis) follows nuclear division
The cell cycle has 3 stages: Interphase, nuclear division and division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis).
- Division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis) follows nuclear division and is the process by which the cytoplasm divides to do what?
Division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis) follows nuclear division and is the process by which the cytoplasm divides to produce:
- 2 new cells (mitosis)
Or,
- 4 new cells (meiosis)
The length of a complete cell cycle what amongst organisms?
The length of a complete cell cycle varies greatly amongst organisms
The length of a complete cell cycle varies greatly amongst organisms.
Typically, a mammalian cell takes how long to complete a cell cycle?
Typically, a mammalian cell takes about 24 hours to complete a cell cycle
The length of a complete cell cycle varies greatly amongst organisms.
Typically, a mammalian cell takes about 24 hours to complete a cell cycle, of which how much is interphase?
Typically, a mammalian cell takes about 24 hours to complete a cell cycle, of which about 90% is interphase
The length of a complete cell cycle varies greatly amongst organisms.
Typically, a mammalian cell takes about 24 hours to complete a cell cycle, of which about 90% is interphase.
The variations in mass of a diploid cell and the DNA within it during the cell cycle:
The mass of DNA in arbitrary units from 2 at 0 hours does what and then does what at 6 hours?
The mass of DNA in arbitrary units from 2 at 0 hours:
- Stays steady
- Then begins to increase at 6 hours
The length of a complete cell cycle varies greatly amongst organisms.
Typically, a mammalian cell takes about 24 hours to complete a cell cycle, of which about 90% is interphase.
The variations in mass of a diploid cell and the DNA within it during the cell cycle:
The mass of DNA in arbitrary units from 2 at 0 hours stays steady and then begins to increase at 6 hours to what at how many hours?
The mass of DNA from 2 at 0 hours stays steady and then begins to increase at 6 hours to 4 at 9 hours
The length of a complete cell cycle varies greatly amongst organisms.
Typically, a mammalian cell takes about 24 hours to complete a cell cycle, of which about 90% is interphase.
The variations in mass of a diploid cell and the DNA within it during the cell cycle:
The mass of DNA in arbitrary units from 2 at 0 hours stays steady and then begins to increase at 6 hours to 4 at 9 hours.
The mass of DNA from 4 then stays steady until how many hours?
The mass of DNA from 4 then stays steady until 12 hours
The length of a complete cell cycle varies greatly amongst organisms.
Typically, a mammalian cell takes about 24 hours to complete a cell cycle, of which about 90% is interphase.
The variations in mass of a diploid cell and the DNA within it during the cell cycle:
The mass of DNA in arbitrary units from 2 at 0 hours stays steady and then begins to increase at 6 hours to 4 at 9 hours.
The mass of DNA from 4 then stays steady until 12 hours, when it does what?
The mass of DNA from 4 then stays steady until 12 hours, when it decreases to 2
The length of a complete cell cycle varies greatly amongst organisms.
Typically, a mammalian cell takes about 24 hours to complete a cell cycle, of which about 90% is interphase.
The variations in mass of a diploid cell and the DNA within it during the cell cycle:
The mass of DNA in arbitrary units from 2 at 0 hours stays steady and then begins to increase at 6 hours to 4 at 9 hours.
The mass of DNA from 4 then stays steady until 12 hours, when it decreases to 2.
Then, the mass of DNA from 2 stays steady until how many hours?
Then, the mass of DNA from 2 stays steady until 18 hours
The length of a complete cell cycle varies greatly amongst organisms.
Typically, a mammalian cell takes about 24 hours to complete a cell cycle, of which about 90% is interphase.
The variations in mass of a diploid cell and the DNA within it during the cell cycle:
The mass of DNA in arbitrary units from 2 at 0 hours stays steady and then begins to increase at 6 hours to 4 at 9 hours.
The mass of DNA from 4 then stays steady until 12 hours, when it decreases to 2.
Then, the mass of DNA from 2 stays steady until 18 hours.
After this, the mass of DNA does what until how many hours?
After this, the mass of DNA increases to 4 again until 20 hours
The length of a complete cell cycle varies greatly amongst organisms.
Typically, a mammalian cell takes about 24 hours to complete a cell cycle, of which about 90% is interphase.
The variations in mass of a diploid cell and the DNA within it during the cell cycle:
The mass of DNA in arbitrary units from 2 at 0 hours stays steady and then begins to increase at 6 hours to 4 at 9 hours.
The mass of DNA from 4 then stays steady until 12 hours, when it decreases to 2.
Then, the mass of DNA from 2 stays steady until 18 hours.
After this, the mass of DNA increases to 4 again until 20 hours.
The mass of DNA from 4 then does what?
The mass of DNA from 4 then:
- Stays steady until 24 hours
- Decreases to 2 again
The length of a complete cell cycle varies greatly amongst organisms.
Typically, a mammalian cell takes about 24 hours to complete a cell cycle, of which about 90% is interphase.
The variations in mass of a diploid cell and the DNA within it during the cell cycle:
The mass of DNA in arbitrary units from 2 at 0 hours stays steady and then begins to increase at 6 hours to 4 at 9 hours.
The mass of DNA from 4 then stays steady until 12 hours, when it decreases to 2.
Then, the mass of DNA from 2 stays steady until 18 hours.
After this, the mass of DNA increases to 4 again until 20 hours.
The mass of DNA from 4 then stays steady until 24 hours and decreases to 2 again.
The mass of the cell in arbitrary units is what at 0 hours?
The mass of the cell in arbitrary units is 3 at 0 hours
The length of a complete cell cycle varies greatly amongst organisms.
Typically, a mammalian cell takes about 24 hours to complete a cell cycle, of which about 90% is interphase.
The variations in mass of a diploid cell and the DNA within it during the cell cycle:
The mass of DNA in arbitrary units from 2 at 0 hours stays steady and then begins to increase at 6 hours to 4 at 9 hours.
The mass of DNA from 4 then stays steady until 12 hours, when it decreases to 2.
Then, the mass of DNA from 2 stays steady until 18 hours.
After this, the mass of DNA increases to 4 again until 20 hours.
The mass of DNA from 4 then stays steady until 24 hours and decreases to 2 again.
The mass of the cell in arbitrary units is 3 at 0 hours.
Then, the mass of the cell doubles to what at how many hours?
Then, the mass of the cell doubles to 6 at 12 hours
The length of a complete cell cycle varies greatly amongst organisms.
Typically, a mammalian cell takes about 24 hours to complete a cell cycle, of which about 90% is interphase.
The variations in mass of a diploid cell and the DNA within it during the cell cycle:
The mass of DNA in arbitrary units from 2 at 0 hours stays steady and then begins to increase at 6 hours to 4 at 9 hours.
The mass of DNA from 4 then stays steady until 12 hours, when it decreases to 2.
Then, the mass of DNA from 2 stays steady until 18 hours.
After this, the mass of DNA increases to 4 again until 20 hours.
The mass of DNA from 4 then stays steady until 24 hours and decreases to 2 again.
The mass of the cell in arbitrary units is 3 at 0 hours.
Then, the mass of the cell doubles to 6 at 12 hours and then does what?
Then, the mass of the cell:
- Doubles to 6 at 12 hours
- Then halves to 3
The length of a complete cell cycle varies greatly amongst organisms.
Typically, a mammalian cell takes about 24 hours to complete a cell cycle, of which about 90% is interphase.
The variations in mass of a diploid cell and the DNA within it during the cell cycle:
The mass of DNA in arbitrary units from 2 at 0 hours stays steady and then begins to increase at 6 hours to 4 at 9 hours.
The mass of DNA from 4 then stays steady until 12 hours, when it decreases to 2.
Then, the mass of DNA from 2 stays steady until 18 hours.
After this, the mass of DNA increases to 4 again until 20 hours. The mass of DNA from 4 then stays steady until 24 hours and decreases to 2 again.
The mass of the cell in arbitrary units is 3 at 0 hours.
Then, the mass of the cell doubles to 6 at 12 hours and then halves to 3.
After this, the mass of the cell from 3 at 12 hours does what at how many hours?
After this, the mass of the cell from 3 at 12 hours doubles to 6 again at 24 hours
The length of a complete cell cycle varies greatly amongst organisms.
Typically, a mammalian cell takes about 24 hours to complete a cell cycle, of which about 90% is interphase.
The variations in mass of a diploid cell and the DNA within it during the cell cycle:
The mass of DNA in arbitrary units from 2 at 0 hours stays steady and then begins to increase at 6 hours to 4 at 9 hours.
The mass of DNA from 4 then stays steady until 12 hours, when it decreases to 2.
Then, the mass of DNA from 2 stays steady until 18 hours.
After this, the mass of DNA increases to 4 again until 20 hours.
The mass of DNA from 4 then stays steady until 24 hours and decreases to 2 again.
The mass of the cell in arbitrary units is 3 at 0 hours.
Then, the mass of the cell doubles to 6 at 12 hours and then halves to 3.
After this, the mass of the cell from 3 at 12 hours doubles to 6 again at 24 hours, then does what?
After this, the mass of the cell from 3 at 12 hours:
- Doubles to 6 again at 24 hours
- Then decreases to 3 again
Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases (around 200 in total) caused by a growth disorder of cells
Cancer is a group of diseases (around 200 in total) caused by a growth disorder of cells.
Cancer is the result of damage to the genes that do what?
Cancer is the result of damage to the genes that regulate:
- Mitosis
- The cell cycle
Cancer is a group of diseases (around 200 in total) caused by a growth disorder of cells.
Cancer is the result of damage to the genes that regulate mitosis and the cell cycle.
What does this lead to?
This leads to uncontrollable:
- Growth
- Division
of cells
Cancer is a group of diseases (around 200 in total) caused by a growth disorder of cells.
Cancer is the result of damage to the genes that regulate mitosis and the cell cycle.
This leads to uncontrollable growth and division of cells.
As a consequence, what develops?
As a consequence, a tumour develops
Tumour
A tumour is a group of abnormal cells
Cancer is a group of diseases (around 200 in total) caused by a growth disorder of cells.
Cancer is the result of damage to the genes that regulate mitosis and the cell cycle.
This leads to uncontrollable growth and division of cells.
As a consequence, a tumour develops and constantly does what?
As a consequence, a tumour:
- Develops
- Constantly expands in size
Cancer is a group of diseases (around 200 in total) caused by a growth disorder of cells.
Cancer is the result of damage to the genes that regulate mitosis and the cell cycle.
This leads to uncontrollable growth and division of cells.
As a consequence, a tumour develops and constantly expands in size.
Tumours can develop where?
Tumours can develop in any organ of the body
Cancer is a group of diseases (around 200 in total) caused by a growth disorder of cells.
Cancer is the result of damage to the genes that regulate mitosis and the cell cycle.
This leads to uncontrollable growth and division of cells.
As a consequence, a tumour develops and constantly expands in size.
Tumours can develop in any organ of the body, but are most commonly found where?
Tumours can develop in any organ of the body, but are most commonly found in the:
- Lungs
- Prostate gland (male)
- Breast and ovaries (female)
- Large intestine
- Stomach
- Oesophagus
- Pancreas
Cancer is a group of diseases (around 200 in total) caused by a growth disorder of cells.
Cancer is the result of damage to the genes that regulate mitosis and the cell cycle.
This leads to uncontrollable growth and division of cells.
As a consequence, a tumour develops and constantly expands in size.
Tumours can develop in any organ of the body, but are most commonly found in the lungs, prostate gland (male), breast and ovaries (female), large intestine, stomach, oesophagus and the pancreas.
A tumour becomes cancerous, if it does what?
A tumour becomes cancerous, if it changes from:
- Benign
to
- Malignant
Most cells divide by mitosis, either to do what?
Most cells divide by mitosis, either to:
- Increase the size of a tissue during development (growth)
Or,
- Replace dead and worn out cells (repair)
Most cells divide by mitosis, either to increase the size of a tissue during development (growth) or to replace dead and worn out cells (repair).
The rate of mitosis can be affected by what?
The rate of mitosis can be affected by:
- The environment of the cell
- Growth factors
Most cells divide by mitosis, either to increase the size of a tissue during development (growth) or to replace dead and worn out cells (repair).
The rate of mitosis can be affected by the environment of the cell and by growth factors.
The rate of mitosis is also controlled by what?
The rate of mitosis is also controlled by 2 types of genes
Most cells divide by mitosis, either to increase the size of a tissue during development (growth) or to replace dead and worn out cells (repair).
The rate of mitosis can be affected by the environment of the cell and by growth factors.
The rate of mitosis is also controlled by 2 types of genes.
A mutation to one of these genes results in what?
A mutation to one of these genes results in uncontrolled mitosis
Most cells divide by mitosis, either to increase the size of a tissue during development (growth) or to replace dead and worn out cells (repair).
The rate of mitosis can be affected by the environment of the cell and by growth factors.
The rate of mitosis is also controlled by 2 types of genes.
A mutation to one of these genes results in uncontrolled mitosis.
The mutant cells so formed are usually what?
The mutant cells so formed are usually:
- Structurally
- Functionally
different from normal cells
Most cells divide by mitosis, either to increase the size of a tissue during development (growth) or to replace dead and worn out cells (repair).
The rate of mitosis can be affected by the environment of the cell and by growth factors.
The rate of mitosis is also controlled by 2 types of genes.
A mutation to one of these genes results in uncontrolled mitosis.
The mutant cells so formed are usually structurally and functionally different from normal cells.
Most mutated cells do what?
Most mutated cells die
Most cells divide by mitosis, either to increase the size of a tissue during development (growth) or to replace dead and worn out cells (repair).
The rate of mitosis can be affected by the environment of the cell and by growth factors.
The rate of mitosis is also controlled by 2 types of genes.
A mutation to one of these genes results in uncontrolled mitosis.
The mutant cells so formed are usually structurally and functionally different from normal cells.
Most mutated cells die.
However, any that survive are capable of doing what?
Any that survive are capable of dividing
Interphase is sometimes known as the resting phase, because no division takes place.
In one sense, this description could hardly be further from the truth, because interphase is a period of what?
In one sense, this description could hardly be further from the truth, because interphase is a period of intense chemical activity
Most cells divide by mitosis, either to increase the size of a tissue during development (growth) or to replace dead and worn out cells (repair).
The rate of mitosis can be affected by the environment of the cell and by growth factors.
The rate of mitosis is also controlled by 2 types of genes.
A mutation to one of these genes results in uncontrolled mitosis. The mutant cells so formed are usually structurally and functionally different from normal cells.
Most mutated cells die.
However, any that survive are capable of dividing to do what?
Any that survive are capable of dividing to:
- Form clones of themselves
- Form tumours
Most cells divide by mitosis, either to increase the size of a tissue during development (growth) or to replace dead and worn out cells (repair).
The rate of mitosis can be affected by the environment of the cell and by growth factors.
The rate of mitosis is also controlled by 2 types of genes.
A mutation to one of these genes results in uncontrolled mitosis. The mutant cells so formed are usually structurally and functionally different from normal cells.
Most mutated cells die.
However, any that survive are capable of dividing to form clones of themselves and forming tumours.
Malignant tumours grow rapidly, are what and are more likely to be what?
Malignant tumours:
- Grow rapidly
- Are less compact
- Are more likely to be life-threatening
Most cells divide by mitosis, either to increase the size of a tissue during development (growth) or to replace dead and worn out cells (repair).
The rate of mitosis can be affected by the environment of the cell and by growth factors.
The rate of mitosis is also controlled by 2 types of gene.
A mutation to one of these genes results in uncontrolled mitosis. The mutant cells so formed are usually structurally and functionally different from normal cells.
Most mutated cells die.
However, any that survive are capable of dividing to form clones of themselves and forming tumours.
Malignant tumours grow rapidly, are less compact and are more likely to be life-threatening, while benign tumours grow how, are what and are less likely to be what?
Malignant tumours grow rapidly, are less compact and are more likely to be life-threatening, while benign tumours:
- Grow more slowly
- Are more compact
- Are less likely to be life-threatening
The treatment of cancer often involves what?
The treatment of cancer often involves killing dividing cells
The treatment of cancer often involves killing dividing cells by doing what?
The treatment of cancer often involves killing dividing cells by blocking a part of the cell cycle
The treatment of cancer often involves killing dividing cells by blocking a part of the cell cycle.
In this way, the cell cycle is what?
In this way, the cell cycle is disrupted
The treatment of cancer often involves killing dividing cells by blocking a part of the cell cycle.
In this way, the cell cycle is disrupted and cell division, and hence cancer growth, does what?
In this way:
- The cell cycle is disrupted
- Cell division, and hence cancer growth, ceases
The treatment of cancer often involves killing dividing cells by blocking a part of the cell cycle.
In this way, the cell cycle is disrupted and cell division, and hence cancer growth, ceases.
Drugs used to treat cancer (chemotherapy) usually disrupt the cell cycle by doing what?
Drugs used to treat cancer (chemotherapy) usually disrupt the cell cycle by:
- Preventing DNA from replicating
- Inhibiting the metaphase stage of mitosis
The treatment of cancer often involves killing dividing cells by blocking a part of the cell cycle.
In this way, the cell cycle is disrupted and cell division, and hence cancer growth, ceases.
Drugs used to treat cancer (chemotherapy) usually disrupt the cell cycle by preventing DNA from replicating and inhibiting the metaphase stage of mitosis by doing what?
Drugs used to treat cancer (chemotherapy) usually disrupt the cell cycle by:
- Preventing DNA from replicating
- Inhibiting the metaphase stage of mitosis by interfering with spindle formation
The treatment of cancer often involves killing dividing cells by blocking a part of the cell cycle.
In this way, the cell cycle is disrupted and cell division, and hence cancer growth, ceases.
Drugs used to treat cancer (chemotherapy) usually disrupt the cell cycle by preventing DNA from replicating and inhibiting the metaphase stage of mitosis by interfering with spindle formation.
The problem with such drugs is that they also disrupt what?
The problem with such drugs is that they also disrupt the cell cycle of normal cells
The treatment of cancer often involves killing dividing cells by blocking a part of the cell cycle.
In this way, the cell cycle is disrupted and cell division, and hence cancer growth, ceases.
Drugs used to treat cancer (chemotherapy) usually disrupt the cell cycle by preventing DNA from replicating and inhibiting the metaphase stage of mitosis by interfering with spindle formation.
The problem with such drugs is that they also disrupt the cell cycle of normal cells.
However, the drugs are more effective against what?
The drugs are more effective against rapidly dividing cells
The treatment of cancer often involves killing dividing cells by blocking a part of the cell cycle.
In this way, the cell cycle is disrupted and cell division, and hence cancer growth, ceases.
Drugs used to treat cancer (chemotherapy) usually disrupt the cell cycle by preventing DNA from replicating and inhibiting the metaphase stage of mitosis by interfering with spindle formation.
The problem with such drugs is that they also disrupt the cell cycle of normal cells.
However, the drugs are more effective against rapidly dividing cells.
As cancer cells have a particularly fast rate of division, they are what than normal cells?
As cancer cells have a particularly fast rate of division, they are damaged to a greater degree than normal cells
The treatment of cancer often involves killing dividing cells by blocking a part of the cell cycle. In this way, the cell cycle is disrupted and cell division, and hence cancer growth, ceases.
Drugs used to treat cancer (chemotherapy) usually disrupt the cell cycle by preventing DNA from replicating and inhibiting the metaphase stage of mitosis by interfering with spindle formation.
The problem with such drugs is that they also disrupt the cell cycle of normal cells.
However, the drugs are more effective against rapidly dividing cells.
As cancer cells have a particularly fast rate of division, they are damaged to a greater degree than normal cells.
Those normal body cells, such as what, that divide rapidly are also what?
Those normal body cells, such as hair-producing cells, that divide rapidly are also vulnerable to damage
The treatment of cancer often involves killing dividing cells by blocking a part of the cell cycle.
In this way, the cell cycle is disrupted and cell division, and hence cancer growth, ceases.
Drugs used to treat cancer (chemotherapy) usually disrupt the cell cycle by preventing DNA from replicating and inhibiting the metaphase stage of mitosis by interfering with spindle formation. The problem with such drugs is that they also disrupt the cell cycle of normal cells.
However, the drugs are more effective against rapidly dividing cells.
As cancer cells have a particularly fast rate of division, they are damaged to a greater degree than normal cells.
Those normal body cells, such as hair-producing cells, that divide rapidly are also vulnerable to damage.
This explains the what in patients undergoing cancer treatment?
This explains the hair loss frequently seen in patients undergoing cancer treatment
The G1 stage stands for what?
The G1 stage stands for:
- GAP 1
Or,
- Growth 1
The G2 stage stands for what?
The G2 stage stands for:
- GAP 2
Or,
- Growth 2
The S stage stands for what?
The S stage stands for synthesis
The M stage stands for what?
The M stage stands for mitosis
Interphase is around how much of the cell cycle?
Interphase is around 90% of the cell cycle
Interphase is before what?
Interphase is before mitosis
Interphase is around 90% of the cell cycle.
Interphase has how many stages?
Interphase has 3 stages:
- G1
- S
- G2
Interphase is around 90% of the cell cycle.
Interphase has 3 stages: G1, S and G2.
G1:
G1 is the what stage?
G1 is the active stage
Interphase is around 90% of the cell cycle.
Interphase has 3 stages: G1, S and G2.
G1:
G1 is the active stage.
In G1, the cell is what?
In G1, the cell is growing
Interphase is around 90% of the cell cycle.
Interphase has 3 stages: G1, S and G2.
G1:
G1 is the active stage.
In G1, the cell is growing, what are made and what replicate?
In G1:
- The cell is growing
- Proteins are made
- Organelles replicate
Interphase is around 90% of the cell cycle.
Interphase has 3 stages: G1, S and G2.
S:
What happens in the S stage?
In the S stage:
- DNA replicates
- 2 sister chromatids form from each chromosome
Interphase is around 90% of the cell cycle.
Interphase has 3 stages: G1, S and G2.
G2:
G2 is what until what?
G2 is growth until mitosis
Interphase is around 90% of the cell cycle.
Interphase has 3 stages: G1, S and G2.
G2:
G2 is growth until mitosis - What happens?
G2 is growth until mitosis - The mitochondria divide
Interphase is around 90% of the cell cycle.
Interphase has 3 stages: G1, S and G2.
G2:
G2 is growth until mitosis - The mitochondria divide and what happens in plants?
G2 is growth until mitosis -
- The mitochondria divide
- Chloroplasts divide in plants
Cytokinesis is division of the cell.
Cytokinesis may occur when?
Cytokinesis may occur:
- During
Or,
- After
telekinesis
Cytokinesis is division of the cell.
Cytokinesis may occur during or after telekinesis.
The whole cell splits to form 2 new cells, each containing what identical to the parent cell?
The whole cell splits to form 2 new cells, each containing a full set of chromosomes identical to the parent cell
Cytokinesis is division of the cell.
Cytokinesis may occur during or after telekinesis.
The whole cell splits to form 2 new cells, each containing a full set of chromosomes identical to the parent cell.
Each daughter cell is now capable of what?
Each daughter cell is now capable of doing everything the parent cell can
