3.7.3 Evolution may lead to speciation Flashcards

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1
Q

What do you call the environmental factors that limit the population of a species?

A

selection pressures e.g. predation, disease, competition

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2
Q

Define gene pool

A

All of the alleles of all of the genes of all the individuals within a particular population at a given time

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3
Q

All populations have the potential to increase exponentially - why in nature is this rarely the case

A

death rates must be high which is compensated for by the high reproductive rates. Some species have lower reproductive rates but have higher degree of parental care , the lower death rate from this maintains their population size.`

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4
Q

What is the consequence of over-production?

A

competition between individuals - intraspecific

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5
Q

What determines which individuals survive in over production?

A

The best adapted organisms to the conditions at the time survive and reproduce and pass on favourable allele combinations.

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6
Q

Why do organisms NOT produce organisms identical to itself when it survives the condition it lives in?

A

Meiosis - offspring produce show variation from the parent, this may may result in offspring more or less likely to survive. Environment changes all the time, this way there is an wide range of genetically different organisms in the population.

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7
Q

Consequences of populations showing little genetic diversity

A

more vulnerable to disease and climate changes.

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8
Q

A larger population showing greater genetic diversity means

A

There is a greater chance that one or more individuals will have the correct combination of alleles for survival

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9
Q

Individuals that survive the struggle for survival can

A

more likely to breed/reproduce, pass on favourable allele combinations to future generations.

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10
Q

Name 3 types of selection

A

stabilising, directional and disruptive

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11
Q

Describe stabilising

A

preserves the average phenotype, selection against extreme phenotypes. Environment pretty stable

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12
Q

Describe directional

A

Phenotype of population changes, favouring phenotype at one direction from the mean (selection for one extreme phenotype). Environmental conditions change.

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13
Q

Describe disruptive

A

Preserves individuals with extreme phenotypes (both ends), not those around the mean. Opposite to stabilising. Least common selection. Environment changes taking 2 distinct forms

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14
Q

which types of selection is being described: A baby born with a birth weight of more than 4kg and less than 2.5kg has a greater risk of dying

A

stabilising

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15
Q

Elephants have evolved longer trunks enabling them to reach leaves higher up in the trees

A

directional

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16
Q

small mammals can escape from predators by hiding in small places while large mammals can resist attack from predators

A

disruptive

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17
Q

the most important selection in bringing about evolutionary change

A

disruptive

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18
Q

define speciation

A

the evolution of a new species from an existing one

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19
Q

define a species

A

group of similar organisms that are capable of breeding and producing fertile offspring - they share a common ancestry (same genes different alleles)

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20
Q

summarise how a new species is formed

A

because of reproductive separation, variation followed by natural selection

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21
Q

define adaptive radiation and consequences of this

A

when each population becomes adapted to its local environment, leading to changes in allele frequency in the population

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22
Q

identify 2 forms of speciation

A

allopatric and sympatric

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23
Q

the genetic diversity of a small population can be described as

A

Less - as there is a smaller variety of alleles in a small populations

24
Q

the genetic diversity of a large population can be described as

A

Great - as there is a larger variety of alleles in a large populations

25
Q

The effect of genetic drift is greater on which population size - small or large?

A

small

26
Q

Allopatric means

A

different countries

27
Q

Allopatric speciation means

A

When 2 populations become geographically isolated

28
Q

Examples of geographical isolation…

A

physical barrier which prevents interbreeding e.g. oceans, rivers, mountains, deserts.

29
Q

Define reproductive separation

A

when 2 populations can no longer interbreed and produce fertile offspring

30
Q

Example of allopatric speciation

A

Finches on the Galapagos Islands!

31
Q

Sympatric means

A

same country

32
Q

Sympatric speciation occurs

A

within a population of organisms living in the same area (doesnt require geographical isolation)

33
Q

sympatric speciation arises because

A

they have different breeding seasons, they may inhabit different habitats in the same area so never meet, anatomical differences,

34
Q

Name the type of selection shown

A

stabilising

35
Q

name the type of selection shown

A

directional

36
Q

name the type of selection shown

A

disruptive

37
Q

main source of variation within the same species

A

mutation (creating different alleles)

38
Q

mutations in DNA creates

A

new alleles - new characteristics

39
Q

Variation between species is also brought about during

A

meiosis

40
Q

variation is also brought about between members of the same species because of the …

A

environment

41
Q

What does evolution do to the frequency of alleles in a population?

A

changes them - increase or decrease

42
Q

What happens to the frequency of the alleles that give organisms an advantage?

A

increases

43
Q

What happens to those organisms that are better adapted to the selective pressures in the environment?

A

survive, reproduce and pass on favourable alleles

44
Q

What happens to the environment in stabilising selection?

A

it doesnt change

45
Q

What happens to the phenotype during stabilising selection?

A

preserves the middle of the range phenotypes

46
Q

Which phenotype is selected for during directional selection?

A

an extreme phenotype - these are more likely to survive and reproduce

47
Q

What phenotype is preferred in disruptive selection?

A

BOTH extremes (select against the middle phenotype)

48
Q

In disruptive selection what does the environment select for?

A

more than 1 phenotype

49
Q

Reproductive isolation can occur in many ways - name them?

A

seasonal

mechanical

behavioural

50
Q

Genetic drift can lead to ..

A

speciation

51
Q

What does selective pressures do to allele frequencies?

A

changes them!

52
Q

What is genetic drfit?

A

This is when chance (not the environment) determines which organisms survive, reproduce and pass on their alleles

53
Q

Genetic drift has a greater effect on which size population?

A

smaller populations

54
Q

Genetic drift has less of an effect on which sized population?

A

larger populations

55
Q
A