3.7) Globalisation has led to dramatic increases in development for some countries, but also widening development gap extremities and disparities in environmental quality:

Question 1

1) What has globalisation encouraged countries to do?

Answer 1

1) It has encouraged them to trade together in blocs.

Question 2

1) In China, has economic growth outpaced population growth?

Answer 2

1) Yes, China’s GDP per capita has increased by 14 times between 1990 and 2015.

Question 3

1) How has globalisation led to greater inequalities?

Answer 3

1) > China’s richest 1% own one third of China’s property and industrial wealth.
> Every region increased its GDP per capita between 1980 to 2012, however the rates of growth differ. The developed countries and the newly industrialised Asian economies are growing at a much faster rate than the developing economies of sub-Saharan Africa.

Question 4

1) Has the development gap widened?

Answer 4

1) Between 1980 and 2012, the development gap widened.

Question 5

Economic data:

1) Why is measuring economic data difficult and misleading?

Answer 5

1) China’s growth since the 1980s has been based on different collection methods, and values are expressed in yuan.

Question 6

1) Why are economic indicators usually given in US$?

2) What are the single indicators that we use?

Answer 6

1) So that global comparison is easier.

2) GNI, GDP (per capita) and PPP.

Question 7

1) What is GNI (Gross National income)?

2) Why is a good indicator for HICs?

Answer 7

1) Value of goods and services earned by a country, including overseas earnings.
2) This is because they make a lot of money from overseas investments.

Question 8

1) What is GDP?

Answer 8

1) Same as GNI, but excludes overseas earnings.

Question 9

1) What is per capita?

Answer 9

1) Data that is averaged per person.

Question 10

1) What is Purchasing Power Parity?

Answer 10

1) It relates average earnings to local prices and what they will buy - reflects local cost of living.

Question 11

1) What are indicators that exist in composite form?

1) What is an example of such an indicator?

Answer 11

1) They use several sets of data.

2) Economic sector balance

Question 12

1) What is economic sector balance?
2) What happens to the value of the primary sector, as countries develop manufacturing industries?
3) How and why has the value of the primary sector fallen in Vietnam?
4) Where is the value of the primary sector still high, and where is it low.

Answer 12

1) This is the percentage contribution of primary, secondary and tertiary sectors to GNI.
2) The value of the primary sector falls, as the value of the secondary sector rises.
3) The value of Vietnam’s primary sector fell from 50% of GNI in 1990, to 22% in 2014. TNC’s now manufacture clothes in Vietnam.
4) In Malawi it’s 30%, whilst in the UK it’s 0.6%.

Question 13

Social Indicators:

1) What is the Human Development Index?
2) Which four indicators does it use?
3) What are each of these indicators converted to?
4) Why does HDI health and education data, lag behind economic data?

Answer 13

1) It was devised by the UN to provide a measure of life expectancy, education and GDP for every country, showing how far people are benefiting from economic growth.
2) Life expectancy, Education (literacy and number of years of education) and GDP per capita (using PPP).
3) To a value ranging from 0 (low) to 1 (high). These are then combined into a single index - the HDI.
4) This is because many countries don’t have sophisticated agencies for accurate calculation.

Question 14

Women and Development:

1) Is there any country, where women are equal to men?
2) How are women treated in LIC’s?
3) How has the UN responded to this?

Answer 14

1) No matter the level of development, there is no country with complete equality.
2) They prevent their daughters from going to school beyond puberty, due to expenses.
3) It has created the Gender Inequality Index.

Question 15

1) What indicators does the Gender Inequality Index use?

Answer 15

1) Reproductive health, empowerment, education and employment.

Question 16

1) Why is reproductive health used?

Answer 16

1) As gender inequality declines, fertility rates and maternal mortality drops. Age of having first child rises.

Question 17

1) Why is empowerment used?

Answer 17

1) More women enter politics as they become empowered.

Question 18

1) Why is education and employment used?

Answer 18

1) Staying on at university open up more opportunities for women.

Question 19

Environmental Quality Indices:

1) What is the link between environmental quality and economic development?

Answer 19

1) As economic development increases, air quality deteriorates.

Question 20

1) What are the causes for air quality deteriorating?

Answer 20

1) Energy production, industrial processes and road transport.

Question 21

1) What are some of the key pollutants?

2) What can they lead to?

Answer 21

1) Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulates and volatile organic compounds
2) Respiratory problems.

Question 22

1) How have HICs improved air quality?

Answer 22

1) By controlling vehicle emissions and transferring manufacturing overseas.

Question 23

1) Why are international comparisons difficult?

Answer 23

1) Despite countries calculating air quality indices, they do so in different ways.

Question 24

Income inequalities within countries:

1) How is the inequality of income distribution measured?
2) How are values displayed?

Answer 24

1) Gini index - has values between 0 and 100%.

2) Using a Lorenz curve.

Question 25

1) What does a low index indicate?

Answer 25

1) It indicates a more equal income distribution, 0 is perfect equality.

Question 26

1) What does a high index indicate?

Answer 26

1) It indicates unequal distribution, 100 corresponds to perfect inequality.

Question 27

1) What are the advantages of the index?

2) How many countries publish a GNI index?

Answer 27

1) It measures inequality, rather than giving a single indicator for the entire population (GNI).
2) 1/3

Question 28

China’s economic and environmental inequalities:

1) What is China’s structural problem?
2) Are rising wages helping Chinese workers?
3) What is the east-west divide?

Answer 28

1) Most of its economic growth is based on industries that export low-value products.
2) No, they are not much better off than they were before industrialisation.
3) Incomes decline the further inland you go.

Question 29

1) In 2010, what was the Gini index for China?

Answer 29

1) 47% - and inequality is growing.

Question 30

1) What is the name of the area at the heart of economic developments around the Three Gorges Dam?
2) How good is the air quality in this city?

Answer 30

1) Chongqing - 30 million people.
2) It’s one of China’s dirtiest cities. For a quarter of the time, the air quality doesn’t even reach the Chinese government’s own safety standards.