3.6.4.2 Control Of Blood Glucose Concentrate

Question 1

Three hormone control blood glucose concentration

Answer 1

Insulin
Glucagon
Adrenaline

Question 2

2 factor affecting blood glucose concentration

Answer 2

Exercise
Diet

Question 3

Importance of maintaining blood glucose concentration

Answer 3

It is a respiratory substrate - produces ATP to provide energy for cells. If the concentration of glucose in the blood become too low - cells will be deprived of energy and won’t function properly (particularly the brain)

If levels are too high it will lower the water potential of the blood and thus tissue fluid which could cause dehydration of cells

Question 4

2 places that release hormones to regulate blood glucose pressure

Answer 4

Duct
Islets of Langerhands

Question 5

How Insulin release

Answer 5

Beta cell detect high blood glucose concentration
causing insulin secretion
so more insulin in blood

Question 6

how insulin control blood glucose concentration

Answer 6

1. Act on target cell (complementray receptor)
2. produced second messenger
3. glucose transporters (channels) migrate towards membrane and fuse
4. so more receptor on membrane
5. allow glucose diffuse/ uptake faster (facilitated diffusion)
6. Glycogenesis (glucose –> glycogen) / Lipid synthesis (fatty acid) stimulated by second messenger

Question 7

insulin target organ

Answer 7

liver
muscle
fat

Question 8

how is glucagon release

Answer 8

Pancreatic alpha cells detect a drop in blood glucose levels and respond by secreting glucagon

Question 9

glucagon target organ

Answer 9

liver

Question 10

how do glucagon/ adrenaline regulate blood glucose concentration

exercise/ fasting

Answer 10

1. The glucagon/adrenaline binds to cell surface protein /adrenaline receptors on liver cells (target cell)
2. activation of enzyme through second messenger
   3.
   - glycogenolysis (activation of hydrolytic enzymes – break down glycogen into glucose ,through a second messenger)
   - gluconeogensis (glycerol making new glucose) [when run out of glycogen]
   - protein break down & convert amino accid into glucose
3. facilitate diffusion of glucose into the blood
4. increase blood glucose level

Question 11

what type of feedback is for control blood glucose concentration

Answer 11

negative feedback

Question 12

feature of diabetes

Answer 12

higher glucose concentration in blood

Question 13

Type 1 Diabetes
feature
treatment

Answer 13

Genetic predisposition
Autoimmune response
(identify beta cell as non-self – beta cell destroy (receptor & coordinator)— no insulin produce)
Insulin dependent
Early onset

Question 14

Type 1 Diabetes
treatment

Answer 14

• monitor blood glucose and inject insulin
• stem cell therapy : human cell use to regenerate beta cell in liver

Question 15

Type 2 diabetes
feature

Answer 15

Lifestyle induced (some genetic component)
Insulin resistant (loss of insulin sensitivity in tissue , casuing higher insulin produce, prancrease will then damage)
Late onset
can lead to obesity

Question 16

Type 2 diabetes
treatment

Answer 16

• Exercise and diet can change insulin sensitivity
• Oral drugs (not insulin) can help to improve the sensitivity of target cells to insulin
• Sometimes pancreatic failure occurs from over secretion of insulin : need for insulin injections

Question 17

How is Cyclic AMP produce (equation)

Answer 17

Adenosine (adenine & ribose) with inorganic phosphate + Adenylate Cyclase/ Adenylyl Cyclase –> Cyclic AMP (second messenger)

Question 18

Second Messenger model of Glucagon and adrenaline action

Answer 18

1st messenger from Glucagon/ Adrenaline receptor send to AC
AC activated : ATP Substrate –> CAMP (2nd messenger)
Protein Kinase
Activated Protein Kinase (enzyme)
The enzyme use to convert glycogen into glucose (Glycogenolysis)
Glucose transport out of the cell by facilitated diffusion
negative feedback