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36 01 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Moore’s Law?

A

The observation that over the history of computing hardware, *the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles approximately every TWO years

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2
Q

What is the consequence of Moore’s Law?

A

Quality adjusted price of IT equipment - adjusted for quality and inflation, declined 16% per year on average over the five decades

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3
Q

What is Kryder’s Law?

A

Disk drive density will double every thirteen months (therefore it will become cheaper)

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4
Q

What is Nielsen’s law of bandwidth?

A

Users’ bandwidth grows by 50% per year (10% less than Moore’s Law for computer speed)

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5
Q

What is infinite processing needs?

A

The information processing needs of an organization or society will always exceed its information processing capabilities e.g. current technologies are not up to the task of processing images streaming from space probes or ocean sensor networks

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6
Q

What is Brooks’ Law?

A

Adding manpower to a late software project makes it late e.g. He found that putting additional programmers on a delayed project had the tendency to reduce productivity

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7
Q

What are Zuboff’s Laws?

A
  1. Everything that can be automated will be automated i.e. turning manual processes into automated processes
  2. Everything that can be informated will be informated
    i. e. turning things, processes, behaviors into information
  3. Every digital application that can be used for surveillance and control will be used for surveillance and control
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8
Q

What is the “law of ?” ?

A

Systems tend to become more closed as time goes on

i.e. established players tend to gain more control

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9
Q

What is the Law of Disruption?

A

Established companies will be challenged by new market entrants

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10
Q

What is informationalism?

A

More information technologies collect more data
- more work is required to organize, analyze, control, and use that data, so because of this: companies/governments are able to use more information

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11
Q

What is information society?

A
  • A society where the creation, distribution, use, integration, and manipulation of information is a significant economic/political/cultural activity
  • driven by the development of information and communications technologies
  • results in the creation of digital citizens
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12
Q

The industrial society consists of:

A

(top)

  1. Tertiary Sector (services) - trade, banks, transport education, culture, health
  2. Secondary Sector (production of goods) - industrie, construction craft
  3. Primary Sector (basic production) - agriculture, forestry mining, fishery
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13
Q

What is the post-industrial society?

A
  • aka Post-Fordist society
  • A new type of technology and a new USE of technology
  • Rise of information technology
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14
Q

The __ sector consists of knowledge-based activities, and the __ sector consists of intellectually-based macro-level activities

A

Quaternary; Quinary

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15
Q

What is the industrial revolution?

A

Movement from individual artisanal production to mechanical production; inventions like steam engine, power loom, Bessemer process of iron and steel production

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16
Q

What is Marxist’s view of effect of technology?

A
  • Working day is longer not shorter
  • Skilled labour became eliminated, reduced or downgraded
  • Labour became more intense not less intense
  • Labourers became dependent on capitalists because labourers no longer owned the means of production
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17
Q

What is Taylorism / Scientific Management?

A

Worked to analyze and synthesize workflows with the aim of improving efficiency and productivity

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18
Q

What are Motion studies?

A

The Gilbreths sought to make product more efficient by reducing the human motions involved

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19
Q

What is Fordism?

A

Named after Henry Ford and evolved independently from Taylorism

  • The standardization of the components of a product i.e. parts machine made and interchangeable
  • Creation of tools to make the assembly lines possible i.e. the worker repeats the same task again and again
  • The workers are well paid
    i. e. workers become consumers of the products they produce
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20
Q

Fordism + Taylorism + Information technologies = ?

A

Informationalism

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21
Q

Modern Management is based on a number of principles:

A

1) Managing flows of data
- all companies have a data centre to gather flows from i.e. security cameras, sensors, etc.
- all companies are connected to the internet/WWW

2) Break work down into processes
- how work is optimized often involves finding the data and information needed and figuring out who or what machine will collect it, assess it, store it, make decisions based on it, and take actions

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22
Q

Modern organizations have __, not __

A

Processes; departments
- well-managed processes have owners. Process owners control the people, computer, parts, and mission or objectives of a process

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23
Q

What is the industrial revolution, Fordism, and rise of Management is driven by?

A

Quest for EFFICIENCY
- enabled by: division of labour, technological advances, mechanization of production, rise of IT, process-centric approach

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24
Q

__ is the way individuals and groups organize themselves; the totality of social relationships among organized groups of human beings or animals

A

Society

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25
How can we define technology (knowledge)?
Layton's model: - Technological ideas > translated into designs > implemented by techniques and tools to produce things (ideas, design, technique)
26
__ is human knowledge which achieves human goals
Technology
27
What is technology as PRACTICE?
Technology is no limited to the apparatus, to the material substance, or to the artifact - technology is not just "the sum of artifacts" - it is a mindset
28
What are the differences between Holistic technologies vs. Prescriptive technologies?
Holistic: - Craft - Human control (personal goals) - Individual Decision - One-of-a-kind product - Specialization by product Prescriptive: - Factory - Managed control (efficiency) - Division of labour - Mass production - Specialization by process
29
What does Franklin believe about technology?
It is a "system" involving society - organization, procedures, symbols, new words, and a mindset. So, technology CANNOT be separated from social organization or from the ways members of a society think or the things they believe
30
What is ideology? (Key post-Marxist)
The status quo which dominant social classes claim is natural and good
31
What is alienation? (Key post-Marxist)
The situation when working classes buy into the system - the status quo - that works against their own interests
32
What is Reification? (Key post-Marxist)
Treating something immaterial as a real thing
33
What is technology as TECHNIQUE?
Characterized by standardization & efficiency | - "efficiency is no longer an option but a necessity imposed on all human activity"
34
What is technology as SOCIETY?
Technology doesn't change the world, it BECOMES the world | - our society cannot exist outside of the framework of technology
35
What is Skeuomorph?
An object or feature which imitates the design of a similar artifact made from another matieral
36
Give examples of Simulation and examples of Augmentation:
Simulation: - IBM Watson - Apple Siri - Amazon Alexa Augmentation: - Google glass - Apple watch - Holo lens - Computer assisted braking in cars
37
What is the "posthuman"?
- The idea of human is aligned with the Enlightenment emphasis on the natural self and the freedom of the individual - The Posthuman conceptualizes human intelligence as co-produced with intelligent machines - The posthuman like cybernetics, believes that humans and machines can become ONE through the creation of a feedback loop connecting humans with technology through a blackbox
38
What is transhumanism (H+ or h+)?
An international cultural and intellectual movement with an eventual goal of fundamentally transforming the human condition by developing and making widely available technologies to greatly enhance human intellectual, physical, and psychological capacities
39
What are the positive and negative views of technology?
- Technology allows humans to achieve human goals - Technology is separate from society - Technology and society are interconnected - Technology determines the shape of society and what people do and believe to be true - Technology has replaced society
40
What is Utopia vs. Dystopia?
Utopia: an imagined community/society that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect qualities for its citizens Dystopia: an imagined society characterized by dehumanization or tyrannical governments or environmental disaster or other undesirable characteristics
41
What is the "knowledge society"?
The basic economic resource is no longer capital, natural resources, or labor, but is and will be knowledge - knowledge has become a marketable commodity
42
What are the economics of knowledge?
Knowledge is: - non-monopolistic (once produced it can be re-used by others) - non-excludable (it is difficult to protect once in the public domain) - indivisible (it can be aggregated to a certain minimum scale to form a coherent picture before it can be applied)
43
What is knowledge?
A commodity that can be traded; an asset
44
What is knowledge flow?
- Data represents observations or facts out of context (not directly meaningful) - Information results from placing data within some meaningful content - Realization is information put to productive use - Action and reflection are needed to gain wisdom
45
What is explicit knowledge? (know-what)
Knowledge that is formalized and codified (written down) | - easy to identify, store, and retrieve
46
What is tacit knowledge? (know-how)
Knowledge that is intuitive, hard to define, and experience-based - is often context dependent and personal
47
What is embedded knowledge?
Knowledge locked in processes, products, culture, routines, artifacts, or structures - knowledge may be embedded (either formally in established processes or informally)
48
What is value-neutral vs. value-laden?
Value-neutral: technology has no predefined impact on human beings or human society Value-laden: technology has an inherent value
49
What is autonomous vs. human-controlled?
Autonomous: we cannot decide how technology will develop; the next stage in development is predetermined Human-controlled: we decide how technology will develop; human intentions and choices determine how technology develops
50
What is Determinism (Marxist view)?
Technology proceeds on its own but is independent of the structure of society
51
What is Instrumentalism (neo-liberal view)?
Technology is an instrument we use to achieve desired social ends
52
What is substantivism vs. critical theory?
Substantivism: technology determines the shape of society- shaping society according to the ends of technology Critical theory: by understanding technology, we have the power to manage technology and control its ends
53
The __ view is that choosing a technology is not simply choosing efficiency or convenience- it is choosing a way of life determined by that technology
Substantivism
54
__ sees the catastrophic consequences of technology that substantivism sees, but still sees a promise of freedom through technology. Understands we need to find ways to control technology
Critical theory
55
What is the Actor Network Theory (ANT)?
- Importance of webs of relationships (networks) | - Webs include technologies but also people and ideas
56
What is Social Construction (SCoT)?
- Critical-theory-type view - Technology does not determine human action - Human action shapes technology - The ways technology is used cannot be understood without understanding the social context in which that technology is embedded e.g. bicycle
57
What is Systems theory?
A study of how physical artifacts, social institutions, and the social context all interact in complex ways to influence design and cause social change
58
What are Hughes' 3 stages (Systems Theory)?
1. Technological development: a technology or innovation takes shape (invention) 2. Technology transfer: innovations are transmitted from one geographic area or social group to others 3. System growth: the system grows, but not unevenly. Not all parts develop at the same rate. Improvements need to be made in one element to allow growth in another
59
What is Technology Transfer?
Use of personal computers spread to businesses first and then to the general public
60
What is an example of reverse salience? (problematic sub-systems)
Imbalance in the growth of a system's subcomponents e.g. VR technology requires a lot of computing power and very little drag or latency in transferring data in response to a user's head movements or gestures. Without this speed, use of technology can become tiring and disorienting and so less attractive to customers
61
Schumpeter divides the creative process into 3 stages:
1) Invention: occurs as possibilities in a stationary state where production (i.e. supply) and demand are balanced 2. Innovation: brings about radical transformations, and a fundamentally different social system (increases in salaries, population growth) 3. Imitation: once a product or innovation is diffused into the market, other manufacturers imitate the product. Awhile a while the market will be over-saturated, leading to a crash in the market
62
__ summarizes the social, economic, and cultural consequences that the innovation stage brings about
Creative destruction
63
What is Industry 4.0?
According to some, we are currently in the Invention phase or perhaps the Innovation phase of a new industrial order
64
What are the risks when preparing for the creative destruction of the 4th industrial revolution?
- Need to adapt - Government failing to regulate new technologies properly - Growing inequality - Challenges to security
65
What is diffusion?
The process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system
66
What is the chasm?
A difficult moment for diffusion of innovation is the point between early adopters and early majority
67
What is forced market change / forced innovation?
A market leader may decide to always push change or force users to adopt new technologies i.e. Apple - decided to remove the headphone jack from its IPhones
68
What is an example of the failure of a superior product? (an innovation or improvement - that was not adopted even although it was superior)
Qwerty vs. Dvorak keyboard: | Dvorak keyboard allowed typists to type more easily and more quickly
69
What is Trend no.5: Transparency and traceability?
The evolution of technology is creating a trust crisis. As consumers become more aware of how their data is being collected and used, organizations are also recognizing the increasing liability of storing and gathering the data
70
__ is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction
The Internet of things
71
What is an innovation?
Idea, practice, or object that is perceived as new by an individual or another unit of adoption
72
What is adoption?
The DECISION to start using an innovation for a specific goal
73
What are the stages of the adoption process?
1. Knowledge - one needs to know about an innovation in order to consider using it 2. Implementation - if one has decided to adopt a new technology/process in an organization, implementation will be a challenge 3. Confirmation - One needs to judge it success - either confirming or possibly abandoning the innovation
74
What are sustaining innovations and disruptive innovations? Give an example of both
Sustaining: Describes how competition between established, market leading companies who produce high-quality products at the leading edge of the market are displaced by companies who initially produce lower-quality and cheaper products. Example: Pfizer, the world's biggest pharmaceutical company by revenues Disruptive: Lower quality and cheaper products Example: The internet, which significantly altered the way companies did business and which negatively impacted companies that were unwilling to adapt to it

stupid mgmt (5 decks)

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