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biology paper 2 > 3.5.2 respiration > Flashcards

3.5.2 respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

write down the respiration equation

A

glucose + oxygen ——-> carbon dioxide + water
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ——-> 6CO2 + 6H20 + 36 ATP

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2
Q

5 uses of respiration

A
  1. cell division
  2. active transport
  3. muscle contraction
  4. synthesis of proteins
  5. nerve transmission
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3
Q

where does respiration occur?

A

mitochondria

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4
Q

what is energy in terms of respiration?

A

the ability to do work

can be changed from one form to another but cannot be created/produced or destroyed

measured in joules

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5
Q

what are the 2 models of nutrition?

A
  1. autrophic nutrition
    use an inorganic carbon source to make their own organic molecules
  2. Heterotrophic nutrition
    Ultimately dependant on autotrophs for their organic materials + energy
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6
Q

why do organisms require organic materials?

A
  1. Building blocks = for making other organic molecule
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7
Q

what is respiration?

A

respiration is the process by which organisms extract the energy stored in complex molecules and is generated into ATP

obtain energy for metabolic pathways, immediate source of energy for processes eg active transport, movement and metabolism

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8
Q

what is ATPs role in respiration?

A

biological systems transfer the energy in glucose to ATP because there is too much energy in glucose

ATP releases it energy instantly in a single reaction

hydrolysis of ATP only reduces a small amount of energy

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9
Q

what is the 4 roles of ATP in cells?

A
  1. synthesis of complex substances from more simple ones ( anabolic reaction ) eg amino acids > proteins
  2. active transport of substances against a diffusion gradient eg absorption of glucose
  3. mechanical work eg muscular contractions
  4. activation of molecules by adding a phosphate group : molecules become more reactive
    thermal energy released maintains high body temperature in mammals
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10
Q

how and when ATP is formed?

A
  1. photo phosphorylation: phosphorylating ATP, during photosynthesis in chloroplasts
  2. oxidative phosphorylation: phosphorylating ADP as a result of oxidised glucose, during respiration in mitochondria
  3. substrate level phosphorylation: phosphate molecules are donated from ADP to make ATP
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11
Q

what are the two types of respiration?

A
  1. aerobic = respiratory substance is split into O2 to release CO1 + H2O
    C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
  2. anaerobic = glucose is converted into lactic acid or ethanol
    ATP yield is low
    ethanol = C6H12O6 > 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 2 ATP
    lactate = C6H12O6 > 2C3H6O3 + 2 ATP
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12
Q

where does aerobic respiration occur?
describe the structure of mitochondria

A

mitrochondria
isolated environment to maintain optimum conditions

  1. outer mitochondrial membrane: pyruvate and oxygen move in and carbon dioxide and ATP move out
  2. matrix: cytoplasm substance which contains its own DNA and ribosomes for protein synthesis
  3. inter membrane space: an area where hydrogen ions are pumped to, to generated a concentration gradient
  4. inner mitochondrial membrane: highly folded into cristae to maximise surface area
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13
Q

list fuels for respiration

A

glucose
fatty acids
glycerol
amino acids

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14
Q

what are coenzymes NAD + FAD?

A

coenzymes NAD + FAD work with dehydrogenase enzymes which catalyse the removal of hydrogen atoms from intermediates in respiration + carry them from one molecule to another

NAD + 2H > RED NAD
FAD + 2H > RED FAD

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15
Q

describe glycolysis

A

first stage of respiration is glycolysis

occurs in cell cytoplasms, glucose cannot cross outer membrane

glucose is converted into pyruvate, yielding a small amount of ATP

doesn’t need O2 so anaerobic

phosphorylation + oxidation

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16
Q

what is the process of glycolysis?

A
  1. phosphorylation of glucose (6C) to glucose phosphate (6C) = this activates glucose and lowers the activation energy, phosphates come from hydrolysis of 2 ATP molecules into 2ADP
  2. splitting of hexose biophosphate into two triose phosphate molecules = TP
  3. oxidation of TP = hydrogen is removed from each + transferred to NAD to from reduced NAD
  4. each TP is converted into 2 pyruvates (3C) with the production of 2 ATP from ADP

DIAGRAM ON NOTES

17
Q

how is glucose phosphorylated?

A

glucose is phosphorylated using a phosphate from a molecule of ATP
1 molecule of Glucose Phosphate + ADP
a further ATP is then used to add another phosphate group forming hexose biphosphate
hexose biphosphate is then split into 2 molecules of triose phosphate

18
Q

describe phosphorylation + oxidation

A

TB is oxidised (loses hydrogen) forming 2 molecules of pyruvate
NAD collects the hydrogen atoms forming 2 RED NAD
4 ATP are produced but 2 are used by stage 1: net gain = 2 ATP

19
Q

link reaction (mitochondrial matrix) and oxidising pyruvate

A

each pyruvate still contains considerable chemical potential energy
passes by active transport into the mitochondrial matrix

  1. decarboxylate (CO2 removed)
  2. dehydrogenated (forming reduced NADP)
  3. combined with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A

acetylene COA is fed into krebs cycle

20
Q

what is the krebs cycle?

A

Sir Hans Kreb in 1937
aka citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle)
takes place in mitochondrial matrix

IMPORTANT DIAGRAM ON NOTES

21
Q

what are the products of krebs cycle?

A

acetylene CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate
citrate is decarboxylated + dehydrogenase’s in a series of steps
oxaloaecete is regenerated to combine with another acetyl CoA

  1. 2 CO2 = waste product
  2. 3 reduced NAD
  3. 1 reduced FAD
  4. 1 ATP
22
Q

rhymes for krebs cycle

A

DENA DENA A FA NA

DENA = decarboxylation and production of reduced NAD
DENA = decarboxylation and production of reduced NAD
A = production of ATP
FA = production of reduced FAD
NA = production of reduced NAD

23
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

hydrogen atoms are carried by coenzymes NAD + FAD to the inner mitochondrial membrane

inner mitochondrial membrane, cristae = enzymes + proteins involved in production of ATP = oxidative phosphorylation

involves the transfer of electrons which form electron chains

reduced FAD is also oxidised by the etc, however it interacts with the second protein in the chain

less H+ ions to be pumped ACROSS the membrane than NADH

generates less ATP

24
Q

summarise oxygen phosphorylation

A

oxygen is necessary for this

reduced carriers (red NAD and red FAD) donate the electrons of the hydrogen atoms they are carrying to the electron transport chain, releasing protons

25
Q

what is anaerobic respiration?

A

if no O2 is available, the krebs cycle + electron transport chain can’t continue, as reduced FAD AND NAD can’t reoxidised to be used again

2 ATP can be produced via glycolysis, but only if the oxidised for, of NAD is available to oxidise TP > pyruvate

pyruvate is reduced either to ethanol or lactic acid to regenerate the oxidised form of NAD = fermentation

26
Q

describe yeast and lactate pathways

A

yeast:
- CO2 is given off
- NAD is recovered for glycolysis
- ATP comes from glycolysis
- pyruvate > ethanal > ethanol

mammals (lactate):
- no CO2 is given off
- NAD is recovered for recycling to glycolysis
- ATP comes from glycolysis
- lactic acid comes from pain and fatigue
- lactic acid can be converted back to pyruvate
- pyruvate > lactic acid (lactate)

27
Q

what is alcoholic fermentation?

A

occurs in certain bacteria, plants and yeast
pyruvate first loses a carbon atom in the form of CO2, then accepts hydrogen from RED NAD to form ethanol
alcoholic fermentation of yeast has been exploited to make bread and alcoholic
when yeast builds up above a certain concentration it kills the yeast
distillation is used to produce high concentrations of alcohol

DIAGRAM ON NOTES
EQUATION = PYRUVATE + RED NAD > ETHANOL + CO2 + OXIDISED NAD

28
Q

what is lactate fermentation?

A

occurs in animals to overcome temp shortage of oxygen
survival technique
commonly found in muscles during strenuous exercise

DIAGRAM ON NOTES
EQUATION = PYRUVATE + RED NAD > LACTATE + OXIDISED NAD

29
Q

where are lipids produced in regards to respiration?

A

lipids (fatty acids) > Acetoyl Coenzyme A = krebs cycle

30
Q

where are amino acids produced in regards to respiration?

A

amino acids (deaminated) > pyruvate, Acetoyl Coenzyme A, krebs cycle intermediate

31
Q

hydrogen in molecules

A

more hydrogen in molecule leads to more energy

most energy comes from oxidation of H to water eg fatty acids = higher energy density

32
Q

what is practical 9?

A

respiration in single celled organisms

33
Q

what is the function of methylene blue?

A

it is a redox dye and acts as an alternative electron acceptor of the electrons transferred during ATP synthesis

TURNS FROM BLUE TO COLOURLESS, INDICATING END POINT

34
Q

outline the procedure to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of respiration of yeast

A
  1. Set up a water bath at 35°C.
  2. Add equal volumes of the yeast and glucose solution to three test tubes.
    Place test tubes in the water bath and leave them to equilibrate for 10 minutes.
  3. Add 2 cm’ of methylene blue to the test tubes and start the timer. Shake for 10 seconds and place test tube back in water bath. Record how long it takes for the methylene blue to turn colourless for each test tube.
  4. Repeat the experiment using temperatures of 40°C, 50°C, 60°C and 70°C.
35
Q

how are the results used to calculate the rate of respiration at each temperature?

A

rate = 1 / time taken for methylene blue to decolourise

36
Q

why does the yeast solution need to be buffered?

A

to maintain a constant pH so that the enzymes are functioning at their optimum pH

37
Q

what is the effect of temperature on the rate of respiration?

A

As temperature increases, the rate of respiration increases to an optimum. This is because the rate of enzyme activity increases.

Beyond the optimum, enzyme activity decreases as enzymes denature with high temperature.

biology paper 2 (12 decks)

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