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350 world hunger and malnutrition > 350 exam 2 > Flashcards

350 exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary causes of famines?

A

o Massive crop failure

o Now, more likely to occur based on policy and civil conflict

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2
Q

Who are most likely to be affected during a famine?

A

Those in poverty; rural occupations

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3
Q

How is the severity of a famine measured?

A

The number of people who starve to death

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4
Q

What problems arise when measuring severity of a famine?

A
  • People can die from causes unrelated to malnutrition
  • Malnutrition increases the probability of death from diseases
  • So, separating a “starvation death” from a “disease death” or from other sources of death can be difficult.
  • Kill directly
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5
Q

Irish potato famine (1845-1852)

A
  • Many Irish farmers depended almost exclusively on potato for food
  • Lesson 1: overspecialization in agriculture can expose people to risk associated with adverse shocks from disease or weather
  • Lesson 2: preventing famines is not easy
  • Lesson 3: by importing food from other regions, trade can help reduce food insecurity
  • Lesson 4: migrating away from region where famine occurs can be an effective coping mechanism
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6
Q

Ukraine famine (1932-33)

A
  • Stalin introduced compulsory collectivization of agriculture in Soviet Union
  • Lesson 1: government policies can create famines, through confiscation and destroying income sources; can lead to war
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7
Q

Bengal famine (1943)

A
  • Lesson 1: malnutrition and starvation can occur even if food is available, based on insufficient entitlements (public and private)
  • Lesson 2: Malnutrition can vary across individuals as a function of income and prices
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8
Q

China famine (1959-61)

A

Worst famine in history

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9
Q

Ethiopia (1984-85)

A

• Vulnerability to famine and malnutrition varies among socio-economic groups

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10
Q

What proportion of people in the world is undernourished?

A

1 out of 8 people

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11
Q

Is the proportion of undernourished people moving up or down?

A

Down/decreasing

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12
Q

In what part of the world is malnutrition most prevalent?

A

South Asia

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13
Q

What groups of people are particularly prone to undernutrition in developing countries?

A
  • Children
  • The poor
  • People living in rural areas
  • Girls and women
  • Individuals affected by other forms of discrimination (i.e. caste system in India)
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14
Q

What groups of people are particularly prone to undernutrition in developed countries?

A
  • Children
  • The poor
  • People who do not have easy access to food markets (i.e. urban ‘food desert’; low income neighborhoods)
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15
Q

What time of year is malnutrition the worst in developing countries?

A

o “Hungry season” is just before harvest

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16
Q

Evidence of Brazil’s progress in combatting malnutrition in past 30 years.

A

o 15% of hunger/malnutrition in 1990s to 6.9% in 2010
o Underweight prevalence in under-fives reduced from 13 to 1.7% (12 years)
o Wasting prevalence is below 2%
o Stunting prevalence fell from 1.5 to 6.8%

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17
Q

Regional severity and convergence trends in malnutrition outcomes in Brazil

A

o NE region during slavery were very rich—region had greatest morality rate but made most improvement
• Had slavery in north, not south

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18
Q

Sources of malnutrition issue in past in Brazil

A

Slavery

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19
Q

Contributing factors to progress in reducing malnutrition, specifically in Brazil

A
  • Growth of economy, improved income distribution, urbanization, education of women
  • Interventions outside of health sector (BOLSA)
  • Increased promotion of breastfeeding, oral rehydration, and immunizations
  • Child and maternal health programs pushed through various mechanisms
  • Fertility 5 to 2 children
  • Rising minimum wage policy
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20
Q

When did world population growth peak? At what rate?

A

1960s

2.1 percent

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21
Q

How is the population growth rate calculated?

A

• rt = (Pt+1 – Pt)/Pt = proportional change in population from year t to year t+1

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22
Q

What is the approx. global population today?

A

About 7 billion

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23
Q

What country has the largest population in the world today?

A

China

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24
Q

What country is likely to have the largest population by 2050?

A

India

25
Q

What are the cause of population change?

A

o Improvements in public health
o Rising incomes worldwide
o Income elasticity of food demand
o Rising agriculture production worldwide
o Improvements in agricultural technology worldwide—Green Rev.
o Mobility of people to accomplish all of the above—associated with migration
o Social policy to address malnutrition and hunger

o	Population change = birth – death + net migration
o	Life expectancy has been rising
o	Better public health
o	Fertility rates have declined
o	Higher household income
o	Improved health care and sanitation
o	Better education for women
26
Q

What is the typical shape of a:
demand curve?
supply curve?

A

Downward sloping

Upward sloping

27
Q

Is demand for food typically elastic or inelastic?

A

Inelastic–less than 1

28
Q

Is the supply for food typically elastic or inelastic?

A

Inelastic–less than 1

29
Q

What factors can shift the food supply curve?

A

o Weather conditions—droughts
o Diseases for crops/livestock
o Deterioration in land fertility or water availability and environmental damages
o Technological improvements in agriculture
• Improved farm management
• Reduced input costs
o Improved genetics of plants, increasing yield
o Improved genetics for animals, increasing efficiency of transforming feed into food

30
Q

What factors can shift the food demand curve?

A

o Population—as increases, more mouths to feed, increasing demand for food
o Income—as household income rises, typically increasing demand for food
o Nutrition education
o Tastes—preferences

31
Q

How have food prices changed over time?

A

o Over last century, food prices have fluctuated a lot
• Real food prices (= nominal food prices divided by an inflation index) have declined significantly
• Inconsistent with Malthusian scenario
• Means ability to increase food production has been good, allowing us to meet challenge of feeding a growing population

32
Q

How have food prices changed recently?

A

• Over last few years, food prices have risen

33
Q

Does historical record support the Malthusian scenario?

A

o There is a limited ability to increase food production on earth, implying that the rapid increase in the world population will lead to massive starvation
o Food demand would rise faster than food supply, and price of food would rise over time

NO

34
Q

What are ways to increase food production?

A

o Food production = [agricultural land] x [yield]
o Increase in land area being cultivated and used in agriculture
o Agricultural yields have increased a lot
o Improving agriculture productivity

35
Q

Omnivore

A

Eat both plants and meat

36
Q

Herbivore

A

eat only plants; make food themselves

37
Q

carnivore

A

only eat meat

38
Q

famine

A

• Large number of people die from starvation; extreme cases of food insecurity

39
Q

Entitlement

A

having the right to soemthing

40
Q

Food purchasing power of entitlement

A
  • Individual income divided by the price of food
  • Largest quantity of food that an individual can purchase given his/her income
  • When fall below survival threshold, people starve unless have ‘social entitlements’
  • Rises with income; declines with price of food
41
Q

Market entitlements

A

dependence on employment and real wages

42
Q

Social entitlements

A

Things that help families/individuals overcome what they cannot do/purchase on their own

43
Q

Stunting

A

Low height for age

44
Q

Infant morality

A

death of children under age of 1 per 1000 births per year

45
Q

Factors reducing infant mortality

A

.

46
Q

Bolsa Familia

A
  • Conditional cash transfer of $60/month to families with children in school, given to mothers on an ATM card.
  • Also required to bring children to health centers for preventive screening and for pre- and post-natal care.
  • Has contributed to major gains in school attainment and poverty alleviation for 10s of millions of families in Brazil since 1995.
47
Q

Universal health

A

The goal of universal health coverage is to ensure that all people obtain the health services they need without suffering financial hardship when paying for them

48
Q

Population change (formula)

A

• Population change = birth – death + net migration

49
Q

Supply

A
  • Quantity produced as a function of the corresponding market price
  • Increase in price provides a producer[s] an incentive to produce more of it
50
Q

Demand

A
  • Quantity consumed as a function of the market price

* Increase in price provides a consumer[s] an incentive to consume less of it

51
Q

Market equilibrum

A

• The price is such that aggregate supply equals aggregate demand

52
Q

Elasticity

A

Steepness of demand/supply curve

53
Q

price elasticity of demand

A
  • Percentage change in the quantity consumed due to 1% increase in price
  • Elastic when…demand responds strongly to a change in its price—greater than 1
  • Reflects adjustments consumers make in their food consumption in response to changes in food price
54
Q

income elasticity of demand

A

esponsiveness of the demand for a good to a change in the income of the people demanding the good

55
Q

price elasticity of supply

A
  • Percentage change in the quantity produced due to 1% increase in price
  • Elastic when…supply responds strongly to price change—greater than 1
  • Reflects ability of farmers to adjust the quantity of food they produce in response to changes in the market price
56
Q

Malthusian scenario

A
  • Food supply could not keep up with population growth
  • Will have hunger, conflict, disease
  • On average, that did no occur
57
Q

infant mortality

A

death of children under age of 1 year

58
Q

inequality measures

A
  • Land inequality
  • Literacy rate
  • Average education years
  • GDP per capita
59
Q

rule of 72 for doubling

A

For a given growth rate r, the number of years it takes
for population to double is
t = ln(2)/r, where ln denotes the logarithm, or
t = 0.6931/r or 72/r is often the way it’s done.

350 world hunger and malnutrition (2 decks)

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