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NRSG 123 > 35 > Flashcards

35 Flashcards

1
Q

why might a person be experiencing pain?

A

pain alerts humans when there is an injury or an illness

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2
Q

what does a person with pain want

A

pain relief

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3
Q

what should nurses focus on when it comes to pain

A
  • understanding pain is real
  • involved in patient’s pain experience
  • develop effective pain management plans
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4
Q

what is the gate-control theory?

A

dorsal horn can only attend to a limited amount of information, so using another stimulus distracts neurons from pain

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5
Q

transduction

A

nociceptors activated

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6
Q

transmission

A

pain messages go to spinal cord

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7
Q

pain perception

A

recognizing and defining pain in cortex

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8
Q

pain modulation

A

changing pain perception

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9
Q

how do older adults experience pain?

A

believe it is normal and they should not speak up about it

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10
Q

what factors influence pain

A
  • past experience
  • emotions
  • developmental stage
  • sociocultural factors
  • communication skills
  • cognitive impairments
  • other illnesses contributing to pain
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11
Q

what are the 5 classifications of pain by origin

A
  • superficial
  • visceral: ab, cranium, thorax; feeling of tightness deep
  • somatic: ligaments, tendons, bones, vessels, feels achy and tender
  • radiating/referred: heart attack, heartburn, locating in one area but radiates to others
  • phantom: pain from amputation
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12
Q

2 classificaitons by cause

A
  1. nociceotive

2. neuropathic

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13
Q

4 classifications of pain by duration

A
  • acute
  • chronic
  • breakthrough
  • intractable
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14
Q

what falls under nociceptive pain

A
  • somatic: bones, joints, connective tissues, muscles

- visceral: organs, heart, liver, pancreas, gut

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15
Q

what are the characteristics of acute pain

A
  • short-lasting
  • rapid onset
  • up to 3 mo
  • assoc w physical injury
  • can indicate tissue damage
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16
Q

what are the characteristics of chronic pain?

A
  • 3 mo or longer
  • interferes w daily activities
  • may lead to depression, anger, sleep disturbance, frustration
17
Q

how does the SNS respond

A

overproduces hormones –> ACTH, cortisol, ADH, insulin, glucagon, etc

18
Q

how does CVS respond

A

increased cardiac workload and O2 demand

19
Q

how is the respiratory system affected

A

increased rate to meet O2 demands

20
Q

how does the musculatory system respond to pain

A

muscle spasm, tension, fatigue

21
Q

how does the GU respond to pain

A

activation of the renin-angiotensin system

22
Q

how does the Gi respond to pain

A

slow gastric emptying, increased secretions, metabolism slowed

23
Q

what are the 2 types of pharmacologic management of pain

A
  • non-opiod analgesics

- opiod analgesics

24
Q

non-opioid analgesics

A

Tylenol, NSAIDs, TOPICAL ANESTHETICS

25
Q

opioid analgesics

A

IV, transdermal, submucosal, epidural forms, short-acting, and extended-release, client-controlled analgesia pumps

26
Q

what are adjuvant medications?

A

antidepressants, anticonvulsants, steroids, local anesthetics

27
Q

what are nonpharmacologic measures

A
  • TENS: electrodes on nerves or painful areas that stimulate A fibers to reduce pain
  • PENS: needles into skin that stimulate nerves directly
  • acupuncture
  • acupressure
  • hot and cold
28
Q

what are things patients can do

A
  • immobilization and rest
  • basic comfort measures
  • massage
  • cognitive-behavioral interventions
  • chemical pain relief: nerve blocks, epidural injection, local anesthesia, topical anesthesia
29
Q

what is addiction

A

impaired control over drug use, compulsive use, continued use despite harm, craving

30
Q

what is dependence

A

withdrawal symptoms that occur when drug use stops

31
Q

what is drug tolerance?

A

patient who receives a drug over extended period of time becomes used to it

NRSG 123 (2 decks)

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