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Alex's First Aid Cards > 345 - Physiology > Flashcards

345 - Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the source of cholecystokinin?

A

I cells (duodenum, jejunum)

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2
Q

What are the actions of cholecystokinin?

A

↑ pancreatic secretion
↑ gallbladder contraction
↓ gastric emptying
↑ sphincter of Oddi relaxation

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3
Q

How is cholecystokinin regulated?

A

↑ by fatty acids and amino acids

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4
Q

Through which pathway does CCK cause pancreatic secretion?

A

muscarinic pathways

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5
Q

What is the source of gastrin?

A

G cells (antrum of stomach)

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6
Q

What are the actions of gastrin?

A

↑ gastric H+ secretion
↑ growth of gastric mucosa
↑ gastric motility

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7
Q

how is gastrin regulated?

A

↑ by stomach distention/alkalinization, amino acids, peptides, vagal stimulation
↓ by stomach pH < 1.5

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8
Q

In what syndrome is gastrin classically elevated?

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

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9
Q

What is the effect of chronic PPI use on gastrin?

A

↑

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10
Q

What is the effect of phenylalanine and tryptophan on gastrin?

A

potent stimulation

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11
Q

What is the source of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide?

A

K cells (duodenum, jejunum)

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12
Q

What are the actions of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide?

A

Exocrine: ↓ gastric H+ secretion
Endocrine: ↑ insulin release

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13
Q

How is glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide regulated?

A

↑ by fatty acids, amino acids, oral glucose

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14
Q

What is another name for glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide?

A

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

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15
Q

Secretion of what hormone accounts for the more rapid utilization of glucose upon eating vs. IV delivery?

A

GIP

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16
Q

What is the source of motilin?

A

small intestine

17
Q

What is the action of motilin?

A

produces migrating motor complexes (MMCs)

18
Q

How is motilin regulated?

A

↑ in fasting state

19
Q

What kind of drugs are used to stimulate intestinal peristalsis?

A

motilin receptor agonists such as erythromycin

20
Q

What is the source of secretin?

A

S cells (duodenum)

21
Q

What are the actions of secretin?

A

↑ pancreatic HCO3- secretion
↓ gastric acid secretion
↑ bile secretion

22
Q

What regulates secretin?

A

↑ by acid, FAs in lumen of duodenum

23
Q

What is the relationship between HCO3- and pancreatic enzymes?

A

↑ HCO3- neutralizes gastric acid in duodenum, allowing pancreatic enzymes to function

24
Q

What is the source of somatostatin?

A

D cells (pancreatic islets, GI mucosa)

25
Q

What are the actions of somatostatin?

A

↓ gastric acid and pepsinogen secretion
↓ pancreatic and small intestine fluid secretion
↓ gallbladder contraction
↓ insulin and glucagon release

26
Q

How is somatostatin regulated?

A

↑ by acid

↓ by vagal stimulation

27
Q

What is the overall effect of somatostatin?

A

It’s an inhibitory hormone with antigrowth hormone effects (inhibits digestion and absorption of substances needed for growth)

28
Q

What are the actions of nitric oxide?

A

↑ smooth muscle relaxation, including lower esophageal sphincter

29
Q

What substance imbalance is implicated in the ↑ LES tone of achalasia?

A

Loss of NO secretion

30
Q

What is the source of VIP?

A

Parasympathetic ganglia in sphincters, gallbladder, small intestines

31
Q

What are the actions of VIP?

A

↑ intestinal water and electrolyte secretion

↑ relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle and sphincters

32
Q

How is VIP regulated?

A

↑ by distention and vagal stimulation

↓ by adrenergic input

33
Q

What is a common tumor that secretes VIP?

A

VIPoma: a non-α, non-β islet cell pancreatic tumor

34
Q

What are the symptoms of VIPoma?

A

Watery Diarrhea (copious)
Hypokalemia
Achlorhydria

(aka WDHA syndrome)

Alex's First Aid Cards (20 decks)

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