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Biology: 3.4 Genetic Information, Variation and Relationships Between Organisms > 3.4.4 Genetic Diversity & Adaptation > Flashcards

3.4.4 Genetic Diversity & Adaptation Flashcards

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1
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Define the term ‘genetic diversity’.

A

The total number of different alleles in a population.

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2
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Define the term ‘population’.

A

A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same place and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

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3
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Define the term ‘alleles’. Include what they possess and lead to.

A

Alternative version of the same genes.
Possess different nucleotide base sequences which may alter the amino acid sequence / tertiary structure / R group interaction of the encoded polypeptide.
Leads to phenotypic variation in the populations.

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4
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Define the term ‘random mutation’.

A

Spontaneous changes to the nucleotide base sequence of genes giving rise to altered proteins/characteristics.

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5
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Define the term ‘crossover’.

A

Recombination of alleles during synapsis of homologous chromosomes in meiosis 1.

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6
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Define the term ‘independent segregation’.

A

Random orientation of pairs of homologous chromosomes in meiosis 1 before their separation.

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7
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Define the term ‘random fertilisation’.

A

Gametes are genetically non-identical due to allele variation.

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8
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Define the term ‘random mating’.

A

Increases the variety of alleles combined within offspring.

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9
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Outline the mechanism of ‘natural selection’ in the evolution of populations: What does the reproductive success of individuals affect?

A

Allele frequency in populations.

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10
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Outline the mechanism of ‘natural selection’ in the evolution of populations: What may random mutation of genes result in?

A

New alleles, and may result in a selective advantage over others.

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11
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Outline the mechanism of ‘natural selection’ in the evolution of populations: The individuals with a selective advantage are better adapted and are more likely to what?

A

Survive and breed successfully when faced with particular selective pressures, e.g. disease and competition.

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12
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Outline the mechanism of ‘natural selection’ in the evolution of populations: What will advantageous alleles be passed onto?

A

The next generation.

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13
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Outline the mechanism of ‘natural selection’ in the evolution of populations: What will happen to the advantageous allele(s) over many generations?

A

They will increase in frequency within the population.

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14
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Outline the mechanism of ‘natural selection’ in the evolution of populations: What may happen to less advantageous alleles?

A

They may be deleted from the gene pool / decrease the frequency.

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15
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Detail how antibiotic resistance is an example of ‘directional selection’. (8)

A
  1. Antibiotics act as a selective pressure.
  2. Spontaneous, random, gene mutation.
  3. New protein produced.
  4. Increased resistance to an antibiotic.
  5. Resistant bacteria survive and divide by binary fission/reproduce.
  6. Susceptible bacteria die/outcompeted.
  7. Frequency of resistant bacteria increases.
  8. Populations ‘normal distribution curve shifts in the direction of the population being more resistant.
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16
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Detail how human birth weight is an example of stabilising selection. (4)

A
  1. Environmental conditions remain stable.
  2. Individuals closest to the mean phenotype are more likely to pass their alleles onto the next generation.
  3. Individuals with more extreme phenotypes are less likely to be reproductively successful.
  4. Phenotypes around the mean are selected for and extremes are selected against.
17
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Outline how genetic diversity may lead to adaptation within a population, and provide 3 examples.

A

Natural selection results in species being better adapted to their environment through:
- Anatomical changes
- Physiological changes
- Behavioural changes

18
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Standard deviation: What do standard deviation bars reflect?

A

How “spread out” the individual data values are that make up the mean.

19
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Standard deviation: If when comparing two samples means the SD bars “overlap” then…

A

There is not a significant difference between those two means.

20
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Standard deviation: What percentage of the data points with be within +/- 2 SD of the mean?

A

95%

21
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Standard deviation: Do outliers have more or less of an impact?

A

Less.

22
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Aseptic techniques in the study of antimicrobial agents on microbial growth: Cuts should be covered with __________ ________.

A

Waterproof dressing

23
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Aseptic techniques in the study of antimicrobial agents on microbial growth: No ______ or ________.

A

Eating
Drinking

24
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Aseptic techniques in the study of antimicrobial agents on microbial growth: Windows and doors closed to avoid ________ _____________.

A

Airborne contamination.

25
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Aseptic techniques in the study of antimicrobial agents on microbial growth: Wipe down the bench with ____________ before and after working.

A

Disinfectant.

26
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Aseptic techniques in the study of antimicrobial agents on microbial growth: Report any _________ immediately.

A

Spillages

27
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Aseptic techniques in the study of antimicrobial agents on microbial growth: Work using _______ technique.

A

Aseptic

28
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Aseptic techniques in the study of antimicrobial agents on microbial growth: Wear a plastic, disposable _____.

A

Apron

29
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Aseptic techniques in the study of antimicrobial agents on microbial growth: _____ inoculating loops until red hot.

A

Flame

30
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Aseptic techniques in the study of antimicrobial agents on microbial growth: Tape dishes securely in _____ formation after ___________.

A

Cross
Inoculation

31
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Aseptic techniques in the study of antimicrobial agents on microbial growth: Label all plates clearly with ____, ____, ________.

A

Name
Date
Organism

32
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Aseptic techniques in the study of antimicrobial agents on microbial growth: Never remove ___ of sealed Petri dish.

A

Lid

33
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Aseptic techniques in the study of antimicrobial agents on microbial growth: Never incubate microorganisms above __°C.

A

30

34
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Aseptic techniques in the study of antimicrobial agents on microbial growth: _________ all media and containers after use in _______.

A

Sterilise
Autoclave

35
Q

(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Aseptic techniques in the study of antimicrobial agents on microbial growth: Dispose of all ________ in Petri dishes in autoclave bag and autoclave them.

A

Cultures.

Biology: 3.4 Genetic Information, Variation and Relationships Between Organisms (6 decks)

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