3.4.4 Genetic Diversity & Adaptation Flashcards
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Define the term ‘genetic diversity’.
The total number of different alleles in a population.
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Define the term ‘population’.
A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same place and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Define the term ‘alleles’. Include what they possess and lead to.
Alternative version of the same genes.
Possess different nucleotide base sequences which may alter the amino acid sequence / tertiary structure / R group interaction of the encoded polypeptide.
Leads to phenotypic variation in the populations.
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Define the term ‘random mutation’.
Spontaneous changes to the nucleotide base sequence of genes giving rise to altered proteins/characteristics.
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Define the term ‘crossover’.
Recombination of alleles during synapsis of homologous chromosomes in meiosis 1.
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Define the term ‘independent segregation’.
Random orientation of pairs of homologous chromosomes in meiosis 1 before their separation.
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Define the term ‘random fertilisation’.
Gametes are genetically non-identical due to allele variation.
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Define the term ‘random mating’.
Increases the variety of alleles combined within offspring.
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Outline the mechanism of ‘natural selection’ in the evolution of populations: What does the reproductive success of individuals affect?
Allele frequency in populations.
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Outline the mechanism of ‘natural selection’ in the evolution of populations: What may random mutation of genes result in?
New alleles, and may result in a selective advantage over others.
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Outline the mechanism of ‘natural selection’ in the evolution of populations: The individuals with a selective advantage are better adapted and are more likely to what?
Survive and breed successfully when faced with particular selective pressures, e.g. disease and competition.
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Outline the mechanism of ‘natural selection’ in the evolution of populations: What will advantageous alleles be passed onto?
The next generation.
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Outline the mechanism of ‘natural selection’ in the evolution of populations: What will happen to the advantageous allele(s) over many generations?
They will increase in frequency within the population.
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Outline the mechanism of ‘natural selection’ in the evolution of populations: What may happen to less advantageous alleles?
They may be deleted from the gene pool / decrease the frequency.
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Detail how antibiotic resistance is an example of ‘directional selection’. (8)
- Antibiotics act as a selective pressure.
- Spontaneous, random, gene mutation.
- New protein produced.
- Increased resistance to an antibiotic.
- Resistant bacteria survive and divide by binary fission/reproduce.
- Susceptible bacteria die/outcompeted.
- Frequency of resistant bacteria increases.
- Populations ‘normal distribution curve shifts in the direction of the population being more resistant.
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Detail how human birth weight is an example of stabilising selection. (4)
- Environmental conditions remain stable.
- Individuals closest to the mean phenotype are more likely to pass their alleles onto the next generation.
- Individuals with more extreme phenotypes are less likely to be reproductively successful.
- Phenotypes around the mean are selected for and extremes are selected against.
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Outline how genetic diversity may lead to adaptation within a population, and provide 3 examples.
Natural selection results in species being better adapted to their environment through:
- Anatomical changes
- Physiological changes
- Behavioural changes
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Standard deviation: What do standard deviation bars reflect?
How “spread out” the individual data values are that make up the mean.
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Standard deviation: If when comparing two samples means the SD bars “overlap” then…
There is not a significant difference between those two means.
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Standard deviation: What percentage of the data points with be within +/- 2 SD of the mean?
95%
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Standard deviation: Do outliers have more or less of an impact?
Less.
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Aseptic techniques in the study of antimicrobial agents on microbial growth: Cuts should be covered with __________ ________.
Waterproof dressing
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Aseptic techniques in the study of antimicrobial agents on microbial growth: No ______ or ________.
Eating
Drinking
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Aseptic techniques in the study of antimicrobial agents on microbial growth: Windows and doors closed to avoid ________ _____________.
Airborne contamination.
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Aseptic techniques in the study of antimicrobial agents on microbial growth: Wipe down the bench with ____________ before and after working.
Disinfectant.
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Aseptic techniques in the study of antimicrobial agents on microbial growth: Report any _________ immediately.
Spillages
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Aseptic techniques in the study of antimicrobial agents on microbial growth: Work using _______ technique.
Aseptic
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Aseptic techniques in the study of antimicrobial agents on microbial growth: Wear a plastic, disposable _____.
Apron
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Aseptic techniques in the study of antimicrobial agents on microbial growth: _____ inoculating loops until red hot.
Flame
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Aseptic techniques in the study of antimicrobial agents on microbial growth: Tape dishes securely in _____ formation after ___________.
Cross
Inoculation
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Aseptic techniques in the study of antimicrobial agents on microbial growth: Label all plates clearly with ____, ____, ________.
Name
Date
Organism
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Aseptic techniques in the study of antimicrobial agents on microbial growth: Never remove ___ of sealed Petri dish.
Lid
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Aseptic techniques in the study of antimicrobial agents on microbial growth: Never incubate microorganisms above __°C.
30
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Aseptic techniques in the study of antimicrobial agents on microbial growth: _________ all media and containers after use in _______.
Sterilise
Autoclave
(Genetic Diversity & Adaptation) Aseptic techniques in the study of antimicrobial agents on microbial growth: Dispose of all ________ in Petri dishes in autoclave bag and autoclave them.
Cultures.
