3.4.1 and 3.2.2 DNA, GENES & CHROMOSOMES, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the DNA in prokaryotic cells: (3)

A
  • Short
  • Circular
  • Not associated with proteins/histones
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2
Q

Describe the DNA in eukaryotic cells: (4)

A
  • long
  • Linear
  • Associated with proteins called histones
  • DNA molecule and its associated histones form a chromosomes.
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3
Q

Describe the DNA in mitochondria and chloroplast of eukaryotic cells: (3)

A
  • Short
  • Circular
  • Not associated with proteins/histones
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4
Q

What is a gene?

A
  • base sequence of DNA that codes for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide and a functional RNA (including mRNA and tRNA)
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5
Q

What does the gene occupy?

A

Occupies a fixed position called a LOCUS on a particular DNA molecule.

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6
Q

What is a triplet?

A

A sequence of three DNA bases which codes for a specific amino acids.

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7
Q

The genetic code a sequence of base triplets in mRNA is universal, non overlapping, degenerate: what do these words mean?

A
  1. UNIVERSAL = The same specific DNA base triplets code for the same amino acids in all living organisms
  2. NON-OVERLAPPING = discrete, each base can only be used once and in only one triplet.
  3. DEGENERATE = the same amino acid can be coded for by more than one base triplet.
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8
Q

What are exons?

A

sequences of DNA bases which code for amino acids.

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9
Q

What are introns?

A

non-coding sequences (separate exons by one)

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10
Q

What’s a genome?

A

The complete set of genes in a call including those in organelles.

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11
Q

What’s a proteome?

A

the full range of proteins that a cell/genome is able to produce.

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12
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different versions of the same gene (different bases/triplets)

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13
Q

What are homologous pair of chromosomes?

A

same shape+size chromosomes with the same genes on the same gene loci but different alleles.

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14
Q

Describe the structure of messenger RNA (mRNA): (5)

A
  1. made by transcription in the nucleus
  2. Straight, single polynucleotide strand
  3. Carries genetic code to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.
  4. Sequence of bases (codon) determines the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain.
  5. Chemically unstable - breaks down after a few days.
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15
Q

Describe the structure of transfer RNA (tRNA): (4)

A

= transfers amino acids to the ribosome and mRNA in translation

  1. Single polynucleotide strand folded into a clover leaf shape
  2. Hydrogen bonds between C-G, A-U
  3. Carries an amino acid binding site (attachment site)
  4. 3 free bases = anti codon which is complementary to mRNA codon.
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16
Q

What’s a similarity between mRNA and tRNA?

A

Both a single polynucleotide strand.

17
Q

What are the 3 differences between mRNA and tRNA?

A
  • mRNA is a single helix/straight but tRNA is folded into a clover shape.
  • mRNA is longer
  • mRNA containers no paired bases or H bonds but tRNA does.
18
Q

What is a codon?

A

groups of three adjacent bases on mRNA

19
Q

What is an anti-codon?

A

specific sequence of 3 free bases on tRNA.

20
Q

What is transcription and where does it happen in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

the production of mRNA from DNA in the nucleus for eukaryotes.
cytoplasm in prokaryotes.

21
Q

Describe the stages of transcription: (4)

A
  1. DNA helicase unzips and separated the two strands - H bonds broken
  2. free RNA nucleotides align next to their complementary bases on the template strand - U replaces T in RNA
  3. RNA polymerase line up and joins adjacent nucleotides - condensation reaction, forming phosphodiester bonds and goes on to assemble the rest.
  4. Hydrogen bonds reform.
  5. mRNA leaves nucleus via nuclear pores to the ribosomes.
22
Q

What happens to the mRNA in eukaryotes?

A

Transcription results in the production of pre-mRNA which has to be spliced to remove introns and join exons to form mRNA.

23
Q

What happens to the mRNA in prokaryotes?

A

transcription results in the production of mRNA directly from the DNA so no splicing required.

24
Q

What is translation and where does it occur?

A

The production of polypeptides from the sequence of codons carried by mRNA.
At the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

25
Q

What are the stages of translation: (5)

A
  1. mRNA attaches itself to a ribosome at the start codon.
  2. tRNA carries specific amino acids and an anti-codon that is complementary to the first codon on mRNA. A second tRNA does the same thing to the next codon.
  3. Two amino acids joined by condensation reaction form a peptide bond using energy from ATP.
  4. tRNA detaches (without its amino acid) and ribosome moves along mRNA to next codon.
  5. process continues until stop signal in the mRNA molecule and polypeptide chain is released.
26
Q

What is the role of ribosomes? (2)

A
  • attaches to mRNA and houses tRNA allowing codon-anti-codon complementary bases to pair
  • allows peptide bonds to form
27
Q

What is the role of tRNA? (4)

A
  • attaches to and transported specific amino acids in relation to its anti-codon
  • its complementary to mRNA codon, forming H bonds.
  • two tRNA’s bring amino acids together to form peptide bonds
  • there are about 60 different types of tRNA’s to carry 20 different amino acids –> degenerate.
28
Q

What is the role of ATP? (3)

A
  • Hydrolysis of ATP releasing energy
  • for the bond between amino acid and its corresponding tRNA molecule for amino acid to attach.
  • for peptide bond formation