3.4.1 and 3.2.2 DNA, GENES & CHROMOSOMES, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Flashcards
Describe the DNA in prokaryotic cells: (3)
- Short
- Circular
- Not associated with proteins/histones
Describe the DNA in eukaryotic cells: (4)
- long
- Linear
- Associated with proteins called histones
- DNA molecule and its associated histones form a chromosomes.
Describe the DNA in mitochondria and chloroplast of eukaryotic cells: (3)
- Short
- Circular
- Not associated with proteins/histones
What is a gene?
- base sequence of DNA that codes for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide and a functional RNA (including mRNA and tRNA)
What does the gene occupy?
Occupies a fixed position called a LOCUS on a particular DNA molecule.
What is a triplet?
A sequence of three DNA bases which codes for a specific amino acids.
The genetic code a sequence of base triplets in mRNA is universal, non overlapping, degenerate: what do these words mean?
- UNIVERSAL = The same specific DNA base triplets code for the same amino acids in all living organisms
- NON-OVERLAPPING = discrete, each base can only be used once and in only one triplet.
- DEGENERATE = the same amino acid can be coded for by more than one base triplet.
What are exons?
sequences of DNA bases which code for amino acids.
What are introns?
non-coding sequences (separate exons by one)
What’s a genome?
The complete set of genes in a call including those in organelles.
What’s a proteome?
the full range of proteins that a cell/genome is able to produce.
What are alleles?
Different versions of the same gene (different bases/triplets)
What are homologous pair of chromosomes?
same shape+size chromosomes with the same genes on the same gene loci but different alleles.
Describe the structure of messenger RNA (mRNA): (5)
- made by transcription in the nucleus
- Straight, single polynucleotide strand
- Carries genetic code to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.
- Sequence of bases (codon) determines the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain.
- Chemically unstable - breaks down after a few days.
Describe the structure of transfer RNA (tRNA): (4)
= transfers amino acids to the ribosome and mRNA in translation
- Single polynucleotide strand folded into a clover leaf shape
- Hydrogen bonds between C-G, A-U
- Carries an amino acid binding site (attachment site)
- 3 free bases = anti codon which is complementary to mRNA codon.