341 Flashcards
social cognition
ways in which individuals process, organize, structure, and retrieve info to make sense of themselves, others, and situations
priming
awakening/activating certain associations in our cognition
embodied cognition
bodily sensations can influence social processing (a type of priming ie., smelling something fishy)
intuition
immediately knowing something without reasoning or analysis
intuition is often
illusory: perceptual misinterpretations, fantasies, and constructed beliefs
overconfidence
tendency to over-estimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs of past, current, and future knowledge
ignorance of incompetence occurs with what type of tasks
seemingly easier tasks because harder tasks may stimulate the individual to acknowledge their lack of skill
confirmation bias
pattern in which we search for more confirming than disconfirming information (system 1 process)
self-verification process
seeking out, eliciting, and recalling events and people that confirm a sense of self (applies to negative images of self too)
heuristics
mental shortcuts used to decrease processing time (system 1)
representative heuristic
we decide that something belongs into a category baed on how much we believe that object/person is close to what we believe is typical for that category
schemas
form/basic sketch of what we know about people/things
in employing schemas, they serve as a
prototype which represents the typical or quintessential instance of a class or group
person shemas
cognitive structures that describe the PERSONALITIES of others
role schemas
indicate which attributes/behaviors are typical of persons occupying a particular role in a group
group schema
aka stereotypes are schemas regarding the members of a particular social group or social category
egocentric bias
people adopt others’ perspectives by initially anchoring on their own perspective and only subsequently and effortfully accounting for diff between themselves and others until a plausible estimate is reached
simulation heuristic
assigning a probability to events that can easily be imagined to occur bc they fit the sequence of a routine script (event schema)
counterfactual thinking
not really error in cognition but still described in this area - involves simulating what might have been (vs simulation heur which is how easily a specific event is likely to occur)
attribution
how we explain people’s behavior and what we infer from it
spontaneous trait inference
automatic inference of a trait (internal attribution) after exposure to someone’s behavior
fundamental attribution error
tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influence (aka correspondence bias)
actor-observer bias
exception to the fundamental attribution error, in that with our own behaviors, we tend to apply more situational influences rather than dispositional
self-serving bias
we tend to take credit for successes but do not accept blame for failures (can lead to actor observer bias specifically for our negative behaviors)
false consensus effect
false assumption that other people share our values, perceptions, and beliefs (ie., students think probably everyone uses adderral)
false uniqueness bias
tendency to assume that we are unique along positive traits (“above average”)
belief perserverance
people tend to maintain their initial ideas/beliefs despite exposure to disconfirming evidence
self fulfilling prophecy
form expectations about others, which influence how we behave towards them, which causes a reaction that confirms our initial belief about them
pygmalion effect
telling teachers randomly that selected students were on an IQ spur did show increases in IQ because of increased attention to those students (higher expectations for those students)
retrospective bias
beliefs may seem more stable than they really are and denial of any change of attitude
rosy retrospection
minimize unpleasant/boring aspects of an experience and only remember the good times (memories can be primed by current experiences ie., reading about dental hygiene may make you think you engage in hygiene more often than actually)
