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Higher Human Unit 3 > 3.4 The cells of the nervous system and neurotransmitters > Flashcards

3.4 The cells of the nervous system and neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

4 Things

Describe the structure of a neuron

A

Cell body
Dendrite
Myelin sheath
Axon

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2
Q

Describe the function of a cell body

A

Contains the nucleus and cytoplasm

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3
Q

Describe the function of a dendrite

A

Nerve fibres that recieve nerve impulses and pass them towards a cell body

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4
Q

describe a axon

A

Single fibres that carries nerve impulses away from a cell body.

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5
Q

describe the myelin sheath

A

a layer of fatty materia that insulates the axon

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6
Q

2 things

Why is insulating the axon inportant?

A

To increase the speed of electical impulse
For protection

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7
Q
A
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8
Q

What is the term used for myelin developing?

A

Myelination

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9
Q

When does myelination occur?

A

From birth to addolence

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10
Q

What happenes if the myelin gets damaged or just doesnt fully develop?

A

Causes a loss in coordination

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11
Q

2 things
What is the function of a gilial cell

A

Produce myelin sheath
Support thr neuron

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12
Q

What is the region of contact between one synapse and the other synapse.

A

synaptic cleft

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13
Q

What are neurotransmitters

A

They are chemicals

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14
Q

Describe the stages of how a messge is relayed aross a synapse

A

1) Impulse passes through pre-synaptic neurone

2) Stimulates several vesicles to move to the synapse

3) Fuses with membrane

4) Binds to receptors on the membrane of the post-synaptic neurone

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15
Q

Describe enzyme degredation

A

Neurotansmitters are broken down by enzymes

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16
Q

Describe enzyme reuptake

A

Neurotransmitters are taken back up directly by the presynaptic membrane

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17
Q

how are enzymes recyled

A

degredation
Reuptake

18
Q

What determins if a signal is excitatory or inhibitory?

A

The receptors on the post synaptic neurone

19
Q

What are endorphins

A

Neurotransmitters that stimulate neurons involved in reducing intensity of pain by combining with receptors and blocking transmission of the pain signal.

20
Q

what produces the endorphins

A

Hypothalmus

21
Q

6 things

Increased levels of endorphins are a response to?

A

Severe injury
Prolonged and continous exercise
Stress
certain food
Eating
Sex

22
Q

Why is it inportant for the removal of neurotransmitters

A

Prevents continous stimulation of the post synaptic neurone

23
Q

What needs to happen for an impulse to be transmitted?

A

A certain threshold of neurotransmitter,molecules must attach to receptors otherwise they are filtered out due to being weak.

24
Q

Describe summation

A

if a post synaptic neurone were to recieve information via several synapses, the collective of weak stimuli could be enough to fire an impulse.

25
Q

What is Dophamine

A

Neurotansmiteers that induce feelings of pleasure by stimulating the reward pathway which reinforces certain behavour to satify that hunger/thirst.

26
Q

3 types of neurotransmitter diseases

A

Alzimours disease
Deppression
Schizophrenia

27
Q

3 Things

How are neurotransmitters diseases treated?

A

Agonist
Antagonist
Inhibitor

28
Q

Describe an agonist treatment

A

Chemicals that bind and stimulate specific receptors mimicking the neurotranssmitters.

29
Q

Describe the anagonist treatment

A

Blocks the neurotransmitter so the natural drug cannot bind to the receptor

30
Q

Describe an Inhibitor

A

Preventin the removal of the neurotransmitter causing an enhanced effect.

31
Q

How does drugs affect people

A

Mood
Cognitive thinking
Perception
Behaviour

32
Q

The effect an antagonist has on the number of receptors

A

Increase

33
Q

The effect an antagonist has on the sensitivy of receptors

A

Increase

34
Q

The effect an antagonist has on the person

A

Needing the drug to feel normal

35
Q

The effect an anagonist has on the number of receptors

A

Decrease

36
Q

The effect an anagonist has on the Sensitivity of receptors

A

decrease

37
Q

The effect an anagonist has on the person

A

Requires more of the drug to feel more of an effect.

38
Q

Stages 1 of how neurotransmitters relay impulses across the synapse

A

When an impulse passes though the pre synaptic neuron

39
Q

Stages 2 of how neurotransmitters relay impulses across the synapse

A

It stimulates several vesicles to move to the synapse

40
Q

Stages 3 of how neurotransmitters relay impulses across the synapse

A

And fuses with the membranes

41
Q

Stages 4 of how neurotransmitters relay impulses across the synapse

A

The neurotransmitters discharge, which diffuse across the synaptic cleft

42
Q

Stages 5 of how neurotransmitters relay impulses across the synapse

A

The neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the membrane of the post synaptic neurone

Higher Human Unit 3 (10 decks)

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