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Bio Topic 3 Substance Exchange > 3.4 Mass Transport > Flashcards

3.4 Mass Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

How many polypeptide chains are in the quaternary structure of haemoglobin?

A

4

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2
Q

Each polypeptide chain in haemoglobin has a what group with what ion?

A

Haem group and an iron ion

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3
Q

What makes haemoglobin red?

A

The iron ion

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4
Q

How many molecules of oxygen can bind to a haemoglobin molecule?

A

4

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5
Q

What is formed when oxygen binds to haemoglobin?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

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6
Q

What is dissociation?

A

When oxygen is released from the oxyhaemoglobin

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7
Q

What is partial pressure of oxygen?

A

Concentration of oxygen

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8
Q

How does high partial pressure of oxygen affect haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen?

A

High affinity

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9
Q

How does low partial pressure of oxygen affect haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen?

A

Low affinity

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10
Q

What is the affinity for oxygen like for animals at a high altitude and why is it beneficial?

A

Haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen which is beneficial as air at high altitudes has a lower partial pressure of oxygen.

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11
Q

What is the affinity for oxygen like for animals with a high metabolic rate and how is it beneficial?

A

Low affinity for oxygen as oxygen is used quickly in respiration so needs to be supplied often

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12
Q

Explain how the binding of one molecule of oxygen to haemoglobin helps others to bind

A

When the first molecule of O2 binds to haemoglobin, the protein undergoes a conformational change.
The change in shape allows the other O2 molecules to bind to haemoglobin more easily.
The percentage saturation of haemoglobin increases quickly.

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13
Q

Explain why the percentage saturation of haemoglobin begins to plateau at the top of the dissociation curve

A

As more molecules of O2 bind to haemoglobin, it becomes more difficult for more O2 molecules to bind.
The percentage saturation of haemoglobin begins to plateau.

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14
Q

What shape is the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

S-shaped

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15
Q

How does a higher partial pressure of carbon dioxide affect haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen and what is this effect called?

A

High partial pressures of carbon dioxide cause a low affinity for oxygen in haemoglobin. The dissociation curve moves to the right and oxygen can dissociate from haemoglobin at lower partial pressures of oxygen. This is the Bohr effect.

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16
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A

A double circulatory system is where blood flows through the heart twice in one circuit.
Deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs.
Oxygenated blood is pumped around the body.

17
Q

What blood vessels provide oxygen to the heart to enable its contraction?

A

Coronary arteries

18
Q

Which blood vessel carries blood from the heart to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary artery

19
Q

Which blood vessel carries blood from the lungs to the heart?

A

Pulmonary vein

20
Q

Which blood vessel carries blood from the body to the heart?

A

Vena cava

21
Q

Which blood vessel carries blood from the heart to the body?

A

Aorta

22
Q

Which blood vessel carries blood from the aorta to the kidneys?

A

Renal artery

23
Q

Which blood vessel carries blood from the kidneys to the vena cava?

A

Renal vein

24
Q

Describe the cardiac cycle and pressure changes during it

A
  • Atria contract increasing the pressure and decreasing the volume
  • Atrioventricular valves open when pressure is higher in atria than ventricles
  • Blood flows from atria to ventricles
  • Atria relax and ventricles contract increasing the pressure and decreasing the volume
  • Atrioventricular valves shut and semi-lunar valves open when pressure is higher in ventricles than atria
  • Blood is forced out of lungs and into aorta and pulmonary artery
  • Blood in the pulmonary artery and aorta is high pressure so semi-lunar valves shut
  • Ventricles and atria relax and atrioventricular valves open
  • Blood flows into atria and ventricles from vena cava and pulmonary vein
25
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Transport blood away from the heart

26
Q

What do ventricles do?

A

Transport blood towards the heart

27
Q

Describe the structure of arteries

A
  • Walls have thick layers of muscle
  • Elastic fibres allow artery to stretch
  • Endothelium is folded to allow stretching
28
Q

Describe the structure of veins

A

The lumen of veins is wider than the arteries which allows the blood to flow at low pressure.
There is a thin muscle wall and elastic tissue in the vein walls.
Valves are located throughout the veins to ensure blood flows towards the heart.

29
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Where arteries break up and become smaller surrounding an organ

30
Q

Explain how the structure of capillaries enhances exchange of molecules in the blood

A

Thin walls (one cell thick) decreases diffusion distance
Many of them so increased surface area (networks of capillaries are called capillary beds)
Pass closely to target cells decreasing the diffusion distance

31
Q

Explain how tissue fluid forms

A
  • There is high hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries arteriole end.
  • This creates a pressure gradient between the inside of the capillaries and the outside.
  • The fluid in the capillaries flows down the pressure gradient into the surrounding space via pressure filtration.
32
Q

Explain how tissue fluid is removed

A
  • The movement of fluid out of the capillaries causes the pressure inside the capillaries to decrease.
    This means that the pressure in the capillaries at the exit of the capillary bed is lower than the pressure at the entrance to the capillary bed.
  • Plasma proteins are too large to cross the membrane into the tissue fluid so they remain in the capillaries
  • This decreases the water potential in the venous end of the capillary to lower than that of the tissue fluid
  • Water moves back into the capillary by osmosis
  • Excess tissue fluid is removed via the lymphatic system
33
Q

Describe the structure of xylem vessels

A
  • The vessel elements in xylem are dead
  • There are no cell walls at the ends of the vessel elements
  • Walls are strengthened by lignin

Bio Topic 3 Substance Exchange (4 decks)

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