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IMMUNOLOGY (foundation B) > 34. Humoral Immunity > Flashcards

34. Humoral Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

where are B CELLS typically found

A

BLOOD
LYMPH NODES
SPLEEN

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2
Q

how are B CELLS ANTIBODIES INITIALLY

A

have ANTIBODIES on their CELL SURFACE,
acting as RECEPTORS for ANTIGENS

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3
Q

what happens when an ANTIGEN BINDS to the ANTIBODIES on B CELL SURFACE

A

ACTIVATES
PROLIFERATION
drives B cell into a PLASMA CELL - SECRETORY CELL that SECRETES ANTIBODIES into bloodstream

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4
Q

what do some PLASMA B CELLS become after

A

MEMORY B CELLS

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5
Q

what is the major component of humoral immunity

A

antiodies

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6
Q

what are the 5 CLASSES of ANTIBODIES

A

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

(all have same basic structure but some variation)

Ig = Immunoglobulin

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7
Q

what type of molecule are ANTIBODIES

A

GLYCOPROTEINS
(GLYCOSYLATED)

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8
Q

where are ANTIBODIES found

A

in SERUM and TISSUE FLUID

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9
Q

Basic STRUCTURE of ANTIODIES - composed of:

A

2 IDENTICAL LIGHT CHAINS
2 IDENTICAL HEAVY CHAINS

2 IDENTICLE ANTIGEN BINDING SITES

  • VARIABLE region
  • CONSTANT region
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10
Q

Basic STRUCTURE of ANTIODIES - what is it held together by

A

COVALENT & NON-COVALENT BONDS

2 HEAVY chains held together by DISULPHIDE BONDS

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11
Q

Basic STRUCTURE of ANTIODIES-
HINGE REGION allows for

A

FLEXIBILITY
(for binding)

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12
Q

which antibody is the PREDOMINANT ANTIBODY in the PRIMARY immune response

A

IgM

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13
Q

which antibody is the PREDOMINANT ANTIBODY in the SECONDARY immune response

A

IgG

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14
Q

IgM has a …. structure

A

PENTAMERIC STRUCTURE

  • 5 basic antibody chains held together by a J CHAIN
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15
Q

what does LARGE SIZE (pentameric) of IgM mean for it

A

LIMITED TRANSFER to tissues

  • mainly in SERUM
  • makes up around 10% of TOTAL SERUM IMMUNOGLOBULIN (significant)
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16
Q

what is IgM good for (3)

A

COMPLEMENT FIXING
NEUTRALISING
OPSONISING antigens

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17
Q

IgG is the PREDOMINANT antibody of which immune response

A

SECONDARY

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18
Q

STRUCTURE of IgG

A

MONOMER (basic Y shape)
with 4 SUBCLASSES: IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4
(vary in hinge regions)

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19
Q

what is the MAIN antibody found in SERUM and TISSUE FLUID

A

IgG

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20
Q

IgG makes up how much of total SERUM IMMUNOGLOBULIN

A

75%

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21
Q

IgG binds to Fc RECEPTORS on…(3)

A

LYMPHOCYTES
MONOCYTES
PHAGOCYTES

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22
Q

ROLES of IgG

A

OPSONISATION
NEUTRALISATION
PHAGOCYTOSIS

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23
Q

IgA is the PREDOMINANT antibody found in…

A

SECRETIONS

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24
Q

what is the STRUCTURE of IgA

A

basic Y shape
but generally DIMER STRUCTURE
- joined by a J CHAIN

  • often associated with a SECRETORY COMPONENT

(in circulation it is a MONOMER)

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25
Q

what is IgA DIMER often associated with

A

SECRETORY COMPONENT
- produced by EPITHELIAL CELLS

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26
Q

IgA is important in what immunity

A

MUCOSAL IMMUNITY
- found at MUCOUS MEMBRANES

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27
Q

where is IgA found

A

MUCOUS MEMBRANES in GUT,
RESPIRATORY TRACT,
SKIN

sometimes circulation (as a monomer)

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28
Q

what is IgA good at (3)

A

NEUTRALISING
BLOCKING pathogen ENTRY
BLOCKING pathogen GROWTH

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29
Q

how is IgE STRUCTURE

A

MONOMER
(basic Y shape)

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30
Q

how is IgE concentration in SERUM

A

LOWA

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31
Q

IgE is important in…

A

ALLERGY

& response to PARASITES

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32
Q

what does IgE do in response to ALLEGREN (antigen)

A

binds to antigen
& BINDS to FceRI on MAST CELLS
- activates RELEASE of HISTAMINE & INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS

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33
Q

when IgE binds to FceRI on MAST CELLS what is released (2)

A

HISTAMINE
INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS

34
Q

how are IgD SERUM LEVELS

A

VERY LOW

35
Q

how is IgD STRUCTURE and where is it FOUND

A

MONOMER
at CELL SURFACE of B CELLS

36
Q

IgD acts as…

A

an ANTIGEN RECEPTOR on surface of B-cells

  • antigen BINDS to it and triggers cell activation
37
Q

which Immunoglobulin has a PENTAMERIC STRUCTURE

A

IgM

38
Q

which Immunoglobulin is found as a DIMER

A

IgA (mucous membranes)

39
Q

which Immunoglobulin has 4 SUBCLASSES

A

IgG (secondary response)

40
Q

which Immunoglobulins are MONOMERS

A

IgG, IgE, IgD

IgA in circulation

41
Q

which Immunoglobulin is important in response to ALLERGY

A

IgE

42
Q

which Immunoglobulin is important in MUCOSAL IMMUNITY (at mucous membranes of gut, respiratory tract, skin)

A

IgA

43
Q

which Immunoglobulin acts as an ANTIGEN RECEPTOR

A

IgD

44
Q

which Immunoglobulin is good at COMPLEMENT FIXING, NEUTRALISING, OPSONISING

A

IgM (primary response)

45
Q

which Immunoglobulin binds to FceRI on MAST CELLS

A

IgE (response to allergy)

46
Q

which Immunoglobulin responds to PARASITES

A

IgE

47
Q

which Immunoglobulin is found at the CELL SURFACE of B CELLS

A

IgD (antigen receptor)

48
Q

which Immunoglobulin binds to Fc RECEPTORS on LYMPHOCYTES, MONOCYTES, PARASITES

A

IgG (secondary response)

49
Q

which Immunoglobulin is good at NEUTRALISING, BLOCKING ENTRY, BLOCKING GROWTH

A

IgA (at mucosal membranes - secretory)

50
Q

which Immunoglobulin is good at OPSONISATION, NEUTRALISATION, PHAGOCYTOSIS

A

IgG

51
Q

which Immunoglobulin makes up 10% of SERUM

A

IgM

52
Q

which Immunoglobulin makes up 75% of SERUM

A

IgG

53
Q

which IMMUNOGLOBULIN is found predominantly in SECRETIONS

A

IgA

54
Q

which Immunoglobulin activates release of HISTAMINE and INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS

A

IgE (response to allergy)

55
Q

where is the primary location of IgM

A

CIRCULATION

(& sometimes found on B-cells)

56
Q

where is the primary location of IgG

A

CIRCULATION
& MOST TISSUES

57
Q

where is the primary location of IgA in its 2 forms

A

as a DIMER: MUCOUS MEMBRANES & SKIN

as a MONOMER: CIRCULATION

58
Q

where is the primary location of IgE (allergy)

A

GUT,
AIRWAY,
SKIN

59
Q

where is the primary location of IgD

A

B-CELLS

60
Q

how is SECONDARY RESPONSE compared to PRIMARY

A

FASTER
SHORTER LAG
EXTENDED PLATEU

HIGHER ANTIBODY TITRE

INCREASED AFFINITY of ANTIBODIES to ANTIGEN (AFFINITY MATURATION)

Predominantly IgG (IgA or IgE)
primary = IgM

61
Q

how is AFFINITY of antibodies to antigens different in primary and secondary immune response

A

SECONDARY- INCREASED AFFINITY
AFFINITY MATURATION

62
Q

how do ANTIBODIES help FIGHT INFECTION (2)

A

NEUTRALISATION
- binding to toxin or virus, preventing it from binding to a receptor on host cell
- IgG, IgA, IgM

ENHANCING Fc RECEPTOR MEDIATED PHAGOCYTOSIS
-OPSONISATION (coating eg bacteria)
- IgG

63
Q

which ANTIBODY CLASS ENHANCES Fc RECEPTOR MEDIATED PHAGOCYTOSIS (OPSONISATION)

A

IgG

64
Q

other ROLES of ANTIBODIES (3)

A
  • Antibody and antigen ACTIVATION of the
    COMPLEMENT PATHWAY (classical pathway)
  • IgE ACTIVATION of MAST CELLS (release histamine & inflammatory mediators). ANTI-PARASITE responses and role in ALLERGY.
    (can also bind to FcR on EOSINOPHILS)
  • TUMOUR CELL KILLING by NK cells and antibody (Fc receptors on NK recognise bound antibody)
65
Q

which COMPLEMENT pathway ACTIVATION involves ANTIBODIES

A

CLASSICAL PATHWAY

66
Q

which are the best ANTIBODIES at ACTIVATING COMPLEMENT

A

IgM, IgG1, IgG3

67
Q

COMPLEMENT system results in the FORMATION of

A

MEMBRANE-ATTACK COMPLEX

68
Q

ANTIBODIES can INDUCE

A

ALLERGY

69
Q

ANTIBODIES are importing in inducing effective…

A

VACCINATION against pathogens

70
Q

ANTIBODIES play a role in IMMUNOPATHOLOGY:

A

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE

71
Q

ANTIBODIES are important TOOLS for…

A

DIAGNOSIS

72
Q

ANTIBODIES are also being used in…

A

THERAPEUTICS (treatment)

modern but expensive drugs

73
Q

what is HUMMORAL IMMUNODEFICIENCY

A

conditions where an individual is DEFICIENT IN or LACKS the ABILITY TO TO PRODUCE ANTIBODIES

ranges from no antibody to reduced production of one class

e.g. Selective IgA deficiency (SIgAD), reduced IgA levels, a genetic immunodeficiency, (type of hypogammaglobulinemia), affects around 1 in 600 people,

74
Q

what is AUTOIMMUNITY

A

PRODUCTION of ANTIODY AGAINST SELF PROTEINS

e.g. Myasthenia Gravis: muscular weakness associated with Abs to acetylcholine receptors.

75
Q

what is ALLERGY

A

ANTIBODY PRODUCED AGAINST COMMON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTEINS (eg pollen) which would otherwise be harmless

eg Hay fever, Asthma

76
Q

ANTIBODIES in THERAPEUTICS are suitable for the TREATMENT of…

A

IMMUNE / INFLAMMATORY DISEASES or CANCER

  • mainly work by NEUTRALISING a molecule important in the disease process.
77
Q

why do ANTIBODIES have potential to be GOOD DRUGS (4)

A
  • HIGH SPECIFICITY
  • well CHARACTERISED STRUCTURE and BIOCHEMISTRY
  • seen as NORMAL body component
  • can be MADE AGAINST ANYTHING
78
Q

ANTIBODIES given THERAPEUTICALLY are…

A

GENETICALLY ENGINEERED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

  • antibodies in any one preparation are identical, binding the same part of the antigen
79
Q

what is the PROBLEM with MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES being generated in MICE

A

mouse antibodies are IMMUNOGENIC in humans - cause IMMUNE RESPONSE

fully human antibodies are best but HARDER to generate

80
Q

example of ANTIBODIES in THERAPEUTICS:
for Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV)

(Common infection in young children, can
cause serious respiratory disease, no vaccine)

A

PALIVIZUMAB - HUMANIZED antibodies (mostly human but still got some mouse sequence)

provides PASSIVE IMMUNITY (not long-lasting protection)

  • NEUTRALISES the FUSION PROTEIN (viral particle)

IMMUNOLOGY (foundation B) (7 decks)

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