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Bio Unit 3 > 3.4 > Flashcards

3.4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do structures have large surfaces compared to their volume?

A

Structures that function in absorption evolve to
have large surfaces

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2
Q

What structures evolve to have small surfaces compared to their volume?

A

Structures that function in storage

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3
Q

Structures with large surfaces relative to volume have __ of their cells exposed to the
environment and __ interior cells to which they
must __ materials.

A

more, fewer, transport

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4
Q

Large volumes compared to surface area is more efficient to store ___ and limits ___ to
the environment.

A

materials, exposure

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5
Q

What creates a large surface area for roots?

A

The extensive branching and the presence of root hairs

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6
Q

What is the roots outer cell layer?

A

Epidermis

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7
Q

Does root epidermis have a cuticle?

A

no

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8
Q

What do epidermal cells of the root produce?

A

Slender outgrowths known as root hairs

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9
Q

What is inside the epidermis?

A

Cortex

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10
Q

Where are xylem and phloem located?

A

in the center of the root, called the stele

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11
Q

What is the stele surrounded by?

A

Endodermis

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12
Q

What is the endodermis?

A

A layer of cells that controls the movement of nutrients into the xylem

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13
Q

How do water and minerals reach the xylem at the center of the root? How do they do this?

A

They move from soil through the root epidermis, cortex, and endodermis. They do this using diffusion, osmosis, and active transport

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14
Q

How do root epidermis cells pump ions into the root?

A

Active transport

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15
Q

What results when ions are pumped into the root?

A

It is now hypertonic and has a strong osmotic pull

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16
Q

What three ways can water and minerals move through the root cortex?

A

Symplast, transmembrane, and apoplast route

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17
Q

What happens during the symplast route?

A

Water and minerals move across the cell membrane of the root epidermis and move from cell to cell by interconnected cytoplasm.

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18
Q

What happens during the transmembrane route?

A

Water and minerals move across the cell membrane of the root epidermis and move from cells to cell across the cell membranes of the cortex cells

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19
Q

What happens during the apoplast route?

A

Water and minerals move between the root epidermis cells and around the cells through the extracellular spaces in cells walls

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20
Q

Can water and minerals move between the endodermis cells?

A

No, they must go throught the endodermis cells

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21
Q

How does water from the apoplast route reach the xylem?

A

It must pass through the cell membrane of an endodermis cell

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22
Q

What do endodermis cells do?

A

Regulate the passage of water and mineral ions

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23
Q

What does branching of root systems do?

A

Provide a large surface area for absorption

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24
Q

What do root hairs do?

A

Increase surface area even more

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25
Q

What does mutualisms with mycorrhizal fungi do?

A

Increase both water and mineral absorption

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26
Q

What does thick cortex act like?

A

A sponge to hold water

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27
Q

How do roots adapt to growth?

A

They are plastic and can grow differently depending on the environment

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28
Q

What do stems do?

A

Elevate and support flowers and leaves at different heights and serve as conduits between roots and leaves

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29
Q

How are stems similar to roots?

A

They are plastic and can grow differently under environmental conditions

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30
Q

What is stem epidermis covered by?

A

Waterproof cuticles or bark

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31
Q

Where is vascular tissue in stems?

A

Numerous bundles or layers

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32
Q

What do xylem and other lignified cells function as?

A

Rigid support

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33
Q

When did leaves evolve?

A

After roots and stems

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34
Q

What are leaves specialized for?

A

photosynthesis

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35
Q

What are megaphylls?

A

True leaves; thin photosynthetic tissue

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36
Q

How did early vascular plants photosynthesize?

A

Simple branching stems, it took place along the length of the shoot

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37
Q

What is the trade off for leaves?

A

It increases surface area for greater absorption of light and CO2, but it also means a greater surface area for water loss

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38
Q

Can some leaves be plastic?

A

yes

39
Q

What does a leaf that grows in shade look like compared to one grown in the sun?

A

Shade leaves are thinner and larger, sun leaves are smaller and thicker

40
Q

Does the volume of a leaf change depending on if it grows in sun or shade?

A

No, the volume will stay the same but the shape and width may change

41
Q

Why are most leaves thin and flat?

A

To increase surface area

42
Q

Why are the epidermis and cuticle transparent?

A

To allow light in

43
Q

Why do guard cells contain chloroplast?

A

To make energy for the guard cells to work

44
Q

What do vascular tissues in leaves form?

A

A network of veins

45
Q

What are the photosynthetic tissue that contains air pockets called?

A

Spongy mesophyll

46
Q

What is plasticity?

A

Plants responding to the world around them by modifying their size and shape

47
Q

Cell division is confined to discrete populations of totipotent (undifferentiated) cells called __________

A

Meristems

48
Q

What does it mean when we say plant growth is modular

A

made of repeated units

49
Q

When does growth of a plant stop?

A

never

50
Q

What doe meristem cells do?

A

Undergo mitosis to produce new cells

51
Q

What happens after meristems grow?

A

The cells elongate

52
Q

When do the CELLS stop growing?

A

Once they have completed maturing into different tissue

53
Q

What does meristem tissue allow?

A

Allows plants to continuously grow and repair stems and roots but not leaves

54
Q

Can leaves regenerate?

A

No

55
Q

What kind of cells can meristem cells form?

A

Any

56
Q

What does the fate of a new cell depend on?

A

The position in a plant, not which meristem it comes from

57
Q

What are apical meristems and where are they located?

A

They extend the plant body outward in the process of primary growth, located in the buds and root tips

58
Q

What does primary growth do?

A

Lengthens and causes branching of the plant body

59
Q

Where does lengthening and branching occur in stems?

A

Surface buds

60
Q

Where does lengthening occur in roots?

A

root tips, but branching growth originates internally from the pericycle

61
Q

What is secondary growth?

A

An increase in a plant’s diameter

62
Q

What does the extra diameter from secondary growth enable?

A

The extra diameter from secondary growth enables some gymnosperms and angiosperms plants to grow very tall. These plants are called
woody plants.

63
Q

What results from secondary growth?

A

Two new types of meristems, vascular cambium and cork cambium

64
Q

What does secondary growth produce?

A

Layers of cells that form wood and bark

65
Q

What is bark composed of?

A

Both living tissue (phloem and cork cambium) and non-living cells (cork)

66
Q

What is wood composed of?

A

Both living tissue (parenchyma in xylem rays) and non-living cells (secondary xylem)

67
Q

What is the source of secondary xylem and phloem?

A

Vascular cambium

68
Q

Where does secondary xylem and phloem form?

A

Secondary xylem forms towards the inside, and secondary phloem forms towards the outside

69
Q

What happens when xylem cells are mature?

A

They are dead and form non-living wood

70
Q

What does cork cambium do?

A

Renews and maintains an outer layer that protect the stem. It produces waxy, thick-walled cork cells, to the outside

71
Q

What happens when cork cells are mature?

A

They are dead and accumulate in layers on non-living cork

72
Q

What adds to the girth of woody plants?

A

secondary xylem

73
Q

What do the older layers in secondary xylem in older stems eventually become?

A

Filled with plant resin

74
Q

What is heartwood?

A

The inner layers of secondary xylem filled with plant resin

75
Q

What can and cant heartwood do?

A

Strengthens the trunk, but it cannot transport water and minerals

76
Q

What is sapwood?

A

The unclogged functioning outer layers of xylem

77
Q

What can be determined by xylem rings?

A

The age and history of a tree

78
Q

What happens to the phloem when xylem accumulate?

A

The phloem layers split and the spaces get filled with parenchyma cells

79
Q

What happens to older phloem cells as xylem accumulates?

A

They get crushed against the cork layer

80
Q

Why can’t you determine the age of a stem by counting phloem layers?

A

Phloem layers crack and get filled in, so it is not a reliable way to determine age

81
Q

What happens in the cork cambium?

A

It is actively increasing in diameter, creating a protective layer

82
Q

What is cork?

A

Cells produced by the cork cambium

83
Q

What happens that requires new cork cambium?

A

he outer cork layers crack and peel by accumulating xylem

84
Q

How can cork layers be used to determine tree species?

A

Cork layers can grow unevenly resulting in different bark growth patterns that are species specific

85
Q

True or false: Old cork layers can be removed with no harm to the tree

A

True

86
Q

What is girdling?

A

Peeling the entire bark off a tree

87
Q

Can girdling kill a tree?

A

yes

88
Q

What is bark made up of?

A

cortex and secondary phloem

89
Q

What is wood made up of?

A

xylem

90
Q

What do bark and wood share?

A

Vascular cambium

91
Q

What does removing the bark from a tree do?

A

Removes the phloem layers with the cork, preventing any sugars from getting to the roots. It also damages the cambium, preventing any regrowth of cork or vascular tissue

92
Q

Summarize what primary growth does

A

Lengthens and causes branching of the pant body

93
Q

Summarize secondary growth

A

increases the width of stems and roots. Can occur in some angiosperms and gymnosperms, resulting in wood and bark

Bio Unit 3 (4 decks)

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