3.3.4 mass transport Flashcards
What is the valve between the atrium and the ventricle called?
atrioventricular
What is the valve between ventricles and arteries called?
semi-lunar valve
Oxygen __________ with haemoglobin to form ________________
Associates or loads
oxyhaemoglobin
pO2
partial pressure
Explain how the atrioventricular valve closes?
- Ventricular systole is when the ventricle contracts causing pressure to build in the ventricle
- This causes the atrioventricular valve to close
What would a O2 dissociation graph look like for an organism with a very high respiration rate?
- oxygen dissociation curve will shift to the right
- because haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen
- Therefore more oxygen is available for respiration
What causes a shift to the right in an oxygen dissociation graph
- Higher CO2 concentration(Bohr effect) - higher respiration rates causes an increase in CO2 which decreases pH level, causing haemoglobin to release oxygen more readily
- Higher temperatures - active tissues cause an increase in temperature, causing haemoglobin to release oxygen more readily
Non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases?
- age - as you get older your risk for CVD increases
- gender- males have a higher risk of CVD
- Genetics - Genetic conditions such as diabetes, high cholesterol, high blood pressure increase your risk for CVD
Modifiable risk factors for cardio-vascular disease?
- Obesity - risk of developing hypertension, type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol all increases your risk of cardiovascular disease
- Increased blood pressure - hypertension, damages the arteries
- Smoking - increases blood pressure, carbon monoxide
- Unhealthy diet - high cholesterol, salt increases blood pressure, as it lowers water potential
- Not exercising - increases HDL (good cholesterol)
How is the aorta adapted?
- Thick muscle wall - to withstand pressure
- Large lumen - closer to the hearts has high hydrostatic pressure already, reduces friction
- Lots of elastic tissue allows a maintained pressure gradient
diastole
- heart relaxes and refills after contraction
how is the pulminary artery adapted?
- Thick muscle wall to withstand pressure
- Smaller lumen than artery, in order to create a higher pressure
Systole
Heart contracts to pump out blood
What is the valve between the atrium and the ventricle called?
atrioventricular
What are the essential feature of the alveolar epithelium as a surface for gas exchange?
- Large surface area - many alveoli in the lungs
- Short diffusion distance - the epithelium is one cell thick
- Maintained concentration gradient - surrounded by capillaries which have deoxygenated blood flowing through
What is the valve between the atrium and the ventricle called?
atrioventricular
What is the valve between ventricles and arteries called?
semi-lunar valve
Oxygen __________ with haemoglobin to form ________________
Associates or loads
oxyhaemoglobin
pO2
partial pressure
Explain how the atrioventricular valve closes?
- Ventricular systole is when the ventricle contracts causing pressure to build in the ventricle
- This causes the atrioventricular valve to close
What would a O2 dissociation graph look like for an organism with a very high respiration rate?
- oxygen dissociation curve will shift to the right
- because haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen
- Therefore more oxygen is available for respiration
What causes a shift to the right in an oxygen dissociation graph
- Higher CO2 concentration(Bohr effect) - higher respiration rates causes an increase in CO2 which decreases pH level, causing haemoglobin to release oxygen more readily
- Higher temperatures - active tissues cause an increase in temperature, causing haemoglobin to release oxygen more readily
Non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases?
- age - as you get older your risk for CVD increases
- gender- males have a higher risk of CVD
- Genetics - Genetic conditions such as diabetes, high cholesterol, high blood pressure increase your risk for CVD
Modifiable risk factors for cardio-vascular disease?
- Obesity - risk of developing hypertension, type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol all increases your risk of cardiovascular disease
- Increased blood pressure - hypertension, damages the arteries
- Smoking - increases blood pressure, carbon monoxide
- Unhealthy diet - high cholesterol, salt increases blood pressure, as it lowers water potential
- Not exercising - increases HDL (good cholesterol)
What do plants transport
mineral ions
K+
Na+
Mg2+
Nitrates
What do plants do with glucose
convert it to sucrose
Whats the difference between sucrose and glucose
glucose- monosacharide
Sucrose- disacharide- glucose+fructose
what is the importance of water in plants
- Water is important as its a solvent for the movement of large substances from photosynthesis (sucrose)
- Water is a metabolite for photosynthesis
What is the importance of sucrose in plants
- Its storage of glucose for respiration
- Produce mainly in the leaves - source
- cells with is present not in the leaves - sink
Structure of xylem
- hollowed out cells
- continuous tube from roots to leaves
- Lignin lines the xylem - a protein for structural support, so withstands pressure
Cohesion tension theory
- Active transport will pump in mineral ions using ATP against their concentration gradient from the soil into the root hair cells
- Water moves down the water potential gradient into the cells surrounding the xylem
- Water enters the xylem vessels via osmosis
- The volume and pressure inside xylem vessels increases, which forces water upwards in the xylem vessels - root pressure
- Water moves up the xylem to the leaves where it is evaporated through the stomata - there is cohesion between molecules therefore they create tension
What is the aim of the potometre experiment
To observe water uptake by leafy shoots, this can indirectly indicate the transpiration losses
It is possible to determine total water uptake and the rate of uptake
Describe how a student can use the potometer to measure the rate of transpiration
- The student measures the distance the air bubble moves along the graduated scale in a set period of time
- The distance moved by the air bubble is related to the amount of water that has been absorbed by the plant, as the water is replaced via transpiration.
- The rate of transpiration can be calculated by dividing the distance the air bubble moves by the time taken.
What is the structure of xylem
- Made of dead cells to form a hollow tube, allows continuous water flow
- Lignin for structural support
What is the function of xylem
- Transports water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves via the transpiration stream
- unidirectional
Structure of phloem
- Seive tubes
- companion cells, provide ATP
What is tissue fluid
fluid containing water, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids ions and oxygen that surrounds the tissue
How is tissue fluid formed
- Cappilaries have small gaps in their walls so that liquid and small molecules can be forced out
- Blood flowing in from the arterioles creates high hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries, forcing out liquid and small molecules such as oxygen, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and ions, this process is called ultrafiltration
What remains in the cappilaries after the tissue fluid is forced out
- Large proteins
- red blood cells
- platelets
How is tissue fluid rebasorbed
- Water is reabsorbed via osmosis at the end of the capillary where it joins with the vein
- Water potential is very low in the capilaries due to large proteins, red blood cells and platelets, and the water potential in the tissue fluid is very high
- There is a low hydrostatic pressure at the end of the capillary near the vein as so much has been forced out during ultra filtration
Where does the rest of the tissue fluid go
- Eventually equillibrium will be reached between the water potential in the capillaries and in the tissue fluid
- The rest of this liquid gets absorbed by the lymphatic system
- The liquid will then be brought back to the blood through the lymphatic system
How are veins adapted for their function
- Wide lumen - more blood less resistance
- valves - prevent backflow
- Thin walls - pressure is low
