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Medical Science > 3.3.3.1 Proteins - Enzymes and Digestion > Flashcards

3.3.3.1 Proteins - Enzymes and Digestion Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The 2 stages of digestion in humans are…

A

Physical breakdown by teeth or stomach churning

Chemical digestion by enzymes

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2
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Releases pancreatic juice onto food, as it exits the stomach, which contains proteases, lipases and carbohydrases.

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3
Q

Give some examples of proteases involved in digestion

A

Endopeptidase

Exopeptidate

Dipeptidase

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4
Q

What is the function of teeth?

A

To physically bread down food and increase its surface area

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5
Q

Identify the part of the digestive system

A

Oesophagus

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6
Q

Identify the part of the digestive system

A

Gall Bladder

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7
Q

What is meant by chemical digestion?

A

When large food molecules are hydrolysed into smaller molecules by enzymes.

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8
Q

Give some examples of carbohydrases involved in digestion

A

Salivary Amylase

Pancreatic Amylase

Maltase

Sucrase

Lactase

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9
Q

Name the cell membrane-bound protease

A

Dipeptidase

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10
Q

Bile salts are produced by the…

A

liver

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11
Q

What is the function of maltase?

A

To break down maltose into 2 α-glucose molecules

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12
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

Produces proteases for protein digestion

Churns food to physically break it down

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13
Q

Identify the part of the digestive system

A

Rectum

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14
Q

What is the function of salivary amylase?

A

To hydrolyse starch into maltose

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15
Q

What is the function of lipase?

A

To hydrolyse the ester bonds in triglycerides to give fatty acids and monoglycerides

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16
Q

How does the body break down maltose?

A

The lining of the ileum has maltase enzymes bound to their membranes.

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17
Q

Identify the part of the digestive system

A

Pancreas

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18
Q

What is the function of exopeptidases?

A

To hydrolyse the peptide bonds at the ends of peptide molecules, which releases amino acids and dipeptides.

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19
Q

Name the 3 membrane-bound disaccharidases…

A

Maltase

Sucrase

Lactase

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20
Q

What is the function of dipeptidases?

A

To hydrolyse the peptide bonds between dipeptides.

They are membrane bound enzymes.

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21
Q

What is the function of the ileum (small intestine)?

A

Produces enzymes to digest food

Absorbs the products of digestion into the blood.

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22
Q

What is the function of the oesophagus?

A

To carry food from the mouth to the stomach

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23
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

To absorb water

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24
Q

Identify the part of the digestive system

A

Salivary Glands

25
Q

What is meant by egestion?

A

The removal of faeces via the anus

26
Q

Identify the part of the digestive system

A

Ileum (small intestine)

27
Q

Identify the part of the digestive system

A

Large Intestine

28
Q

What is the function of bile salts?

A

To emulsify large lipid molecules into smaller lipid micelles. To increase the surface area that lipase can act on.

29
Q

What is the function of lactase?

A

To hydrolyse the glycosidic bond in a lactose molecule to give glucose and galactose.

30
Q

What is the function of pancreatic amylase?

A

To hydrolyse starch in the ileum that was not broken down in the mouth.

31
Q

How does physical breakdown aid digestion?

A

Creates a larger surface area for enzymes to act on.

Makes food easier to ingest (swallow).

32
Q

Starch is not digested when food enters the stomach. Why?

A

The salivary amylase enzymes are denatured by the hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

33
Q

What is the function of endopeptidase?

A

To hydrolyse the central peptide bonds in a large protein molecule to give smaller peptide molecules.

34
Q

Name the 3 categories of enzymes.

A

Carbohydrases

Proteases

Lipases

35
Q

Which type of bond does amylase break?

A

α 1-4 glycosidic bonds

36
Q

What is meant by hydrolysis?

A

When a water molecule is added to a molecule to break a chemical bond.

37
Q

What is the function of sucrase?

A

To hydrolyse the glycosidic bond in a sucrose molecule to give glucose and fructose.

38
Q

Identify the part of the digestive system

A

Anus

39
Q

Which enzyme is produced by the salivary glands?

A

Salivary Amylase

40
Q

Enzymes are secreted by…

A

glands

41
Q

What is the function of the rectum?

A

The final section of the intestines which stores faeces

42
Q

What is a monoglyceride?

A

A glycerol molecule with 1 fatty acid attached.

43
Q

Name the 3 proteases (peptidases) that are involved in protein digestion.

A

Endopeptidase

Exopeptidase

Dipeptidase

trypsin

44
Q

Bile salts emulsify large lipid molecules into smaller lipid molecules called…

A

micelles

45
Q

What is a membrane-bound disaccharidase?

A

An enzyme that is part of the epthelial cell surface membranes of the ileum. They break down disaccharides.

46
Q

What is a gland?

A

An organ in the body that secretes substances such as enzymes or hormones.

47
Q

Identify the part of the digestive system

A

Stomach

48
Q

What is the function of the salivary glands?

A

They secrete the enzyme salivary amylase, which hydrolyses starch into maltose.

49
Q

exo and edopeptidases are required for protein hydrolysis - name another enzyme needed to complete protein hydrolysis

A

dipeptidases

50
Q

what do endopeptidases do?

A

Endopeptidases hydrolyse internal (peptide bonds)

51
Q

What do exopeptidases do?

A

Exopeptidases remove amino acids/hydrolyse (bonds) at end(s);

52
Q

Why does the action of exo and endopeptidases result in more efficient hydrolysis?

A

endopeptidases create more ends or increase in surface area (for exopeptidases);

53
Q

Describe the action of membrane dipeptidases

A

Hydrolyse peptide bond to release amino acids

(dipeptides cannot cross the cell membrane)

54
Q

define digestion

A

HYDROLYSIS of LARGE insoluble molecules into SMALLER soluble molecules

55
Q

How and where is trypsinogen converted to trypsin

A

in the duodenum by enterokinase

56
Q

How and where is pepsinogen converted to pepsin

A

in the stomach by Hydrochlocic acid

57
Q

where is pepsinogen produced

A

stomach

58
Q

where is trypsinogen produced

A

Pancreas

59
Q

where is enterokinase produced

A

in the duodenum

Medical Science (43 decks)

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