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Chemistry MDY Paper 2 > 3.3.1 Introduction to organic chemistry` > Flashcards

3.3.1 Introduction to organic chemistry` Flashcards

3.3.1.1 Nomenclature 3.3.1.2 Reacttion Mechanisms 3.3.1.3 Isomerism

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1
Q

What is the molecular formula and what is the molecular formula of butane?

A

Molecular Formula gives the actual numbers of atoms of each element in one molecule
C4H10

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2
Q

What is the structural formula and what is the structural formula of butane?

A

Structural Formula shows how the atoms are joined together in a molecule
CH3CH2CH2CH3

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3
Q

What is the displayed formula?

A

Displayed Formula shows all the bonds and atoms in a molecule

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4
Q

What is the stem name for a 1 carbon hydrocarbon?

A

Meth

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5
Q

What is the stem name for a 2 carbon hydrocarbon?

A

Eth

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6
Q

What is the stem name for a 3 carbon hydrocarbon?

A

Prop

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7
Q

What is the stem name for a 4 carbon hydrocarbon?

A

But

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8
Q

What is the stem name for a 5 carbon hydrocarbon?

A

Pent

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9
Q

What is the stem name for a 6 carbon hydrocarbon?

A

Hex

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10
Q

What is the stem name for a 7 carbon hydrocarbon?

A

Hept

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11
Q

What is the stem name for a 8 carbon hydrocarbon?

A

Oct

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12
Q

What is the stem name for a 9 carbon hydrocarbon?

A

Non

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13
Q

What is the stem name for a 10 carbon hydrocarbon?

A

Dec

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14
Q

What is the empirical formula?

A

Empirical Formula that gives the simplest ratio of atoms of each element in one molecule

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15
Q

What is the general formula?

A

General formula shows the number of atoms of each element in a substance which has n carbon atoms, all the molecules in a homologous series has the same general formula

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16
Q

What is the skeletal formula?

A

Skeletal formula has lines representing bonds, each point represents a carbon atom with hydrogen atoms and bonds not usually shown but not including any attached functional groups which are shown

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17
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

Organic chemistry is the study of the millions of covalent compounds of the element carbon

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18
Q

What is the name for a side chain with 1 carbon?

A

Methyl

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19
Q

What is the name for a side chain with 2 carbons?

A

Ethyl

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20
Q

What is the name for a side chain with 3 carbons?

A

Propyl

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21
Q

With branched chain alkanes, what do the numbers, if needed, have to be when naming?

A

The lowest it can be

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22
Q

When two or more side chains are present in branched chain alkanes, what order are they listed in?

A

Alphabetical order, not including prefixes such as di-

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23
Q

When two of the same carbon side chains are present in a branched chain alkane, what prefix is used?

A

di-

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24
Q

When three of the same carbon side chains are present in a branched chain alkane, what prefix is used?

A

tri-

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25
Q

When four of the same carbon side chains are present in a branched chain alkane, what prefix is used?

A

tetra-

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26
Q

What are used to separate numbers and names in named branched chain alkanes?

A

Hyphens (-)

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27
Q

What is the suffix of alkanes?

A

-ane

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28
Q

What is the maximum bonds of Carbon(C)?

A

4

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29
Q

What is the maximum bond of Hydrogen(H)?

A

1

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30
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A series of compounds that have similar properties and the same general formula

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31
Q

What is the functional group for a carboxylic acid?

A

-C=O

` OH

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32
Q

What is the suffix for a carboxylic acid?

A

-oic acid

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33
Q

What is the functional group for a ester?

A

-C=O

`O-

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34
Q

What is the suffix for a ester?

A

-oate

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35
Q

What is the functional group for a acyl chloride?

A

-C=O

`Cl

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36
Q

What is the suffix for a acyl chloride?

A

-oyl chloride

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37
Q

What is the functional group for a nitrile?

A

-C=-N

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38
Q

What is the suffix for a nitrile?

A

-nitrile

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39
Q

What is the functional group for a aldehyde?

A

-C=O

`H

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40
Q

What is the suffix for a aldehyde?

A

-al

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41
Q

What is the functional group for a ketone?

A

-C=O

`

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42
Q

What is the suffix for a ketone?

A

-one

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43
Q

What is the functional group for a alcohol?

A

-OH

44
Q

What is the suffix for a alcohol?

A

-ol

45
Q

What is the functional group for a amine?

A

-NH2

46
Q

What is the suffix for a amine?

A

-amine

47
Q

What is the functional group for a alkene?

A

C=C

48
Q

What is the suffix for a alkene?

A

-ene

49
Q

What are halogenoalkanes/haloalkanes?

A

One or more halogens (group 7) that have taken the place of a H in an alkane

50
Q

What is the functional group for a halogenoalkanes/haloalkanes?

A

-C-X

X=halogen

51
Q

What is the suffix for fluorine when in an halogenoalkanes/haloalkanes?

A

fluoro-

52
Q

What is the suffix for chlorine when in an halogenoalkanes/haloalkanes?

A

chloro-

53
Q

What is the suffix for bromine when in an halogenoalkanes/haloalkanes?

A

bromo-

54
Q

What is the suffix for iodine when in an halogenoalkanes/haloalkanes?

A

-iodo

55
Q

What are primary haloalkanes (1’)?

A

Where the carbon joined to the halogen is only attached to one other alkyl group

56
Q

What are secondary haloalkanes(2’)?

A

Where the carbon joined to the halogen is attached to two other alkyl groups

57
Q

What are tertiary haloalkanes(3’)?

A

Where the carbon joined to the halogen is attached to three other alkyl groups

58
Q

What is the suffix of alkenes?

A

-ene

59
Q

When naming alkenes, where are the numbers stated?

A

Before the -ene

e.g. Hex-1-ene

60
Q

In alkenes, what does the number represent?

A

The position of the double bond

61
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

A addition reaction is a reaction where the a molecule joins to an unsaturated molecule to produce a saturated molecule

62
Q

What is an aliphatic?

A

An aliphatic are organic compounds containing C chains and branches

63
Q

What is an aromatic?

A

An aromatic are organic compounds containing one or more benzene ring(s)

64
Q

What is a carbocation?

A

A carbocation is a positive ion with the positive charge on a C atom

65
Q

What is a cyclic?

A

A cyclic are organic compounds containg C rings, also called alicycle

66
Q

What is dehydration?

A

Dehydration is the elimination of water

67
Q

What is dehydrogenation?

A

Dehydrogenation is the elimintaion of hydrogen

68
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

An electrophile is a lone pair acceptor

69
Q

What is an elimination reaction?

A

An elimination reaction is a reaction where a molecule is lost from a saturated molecule to form an unsaturated molecule

70
Q

What is a free radical?

A

A free radical are species with an unpaired electron

71
Q

What is a functional group?

A

The atom or group of atoms that is responsible for most of the chemical reactions of a molecule

72
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A family of compounds woith the same general formula and similar chemical properties. In a series, each member differs by the addition of a CH2 group and there is a gradual change in physical properties

73
Q

What is hydration?

A

Hydration is the addition of water

74
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon is a molecule containg hydrogen and carbon only

75
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Hydrolysis is a reaction involving the breaking of bonds due to reaction with water

76
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

A nucleophile is a lone pair doner

77
Q

What is saturated?

A

Saturated is when molecules contain no double bonds

78
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Steroisomers are molecules with the same molecular and structural formulae but a different spatial arrangement of atoms

79
Q

What are the two types of stereoisomers?

A
  • Geometric isomers

- Optical isomers

80
Q

What are geometric isomers?

A

Geometric isomers are a type of steroisomerism in which molecules have different arrangement of groups around C=C

81
Q

What are optical isomers?

A

Optical isomers are a type of steroeisomerism in which molecules are non-superimposable mirror images

82
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Structural isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures

83
Q

What are the three types of structural isomers?

A
  • Chain isomers
  • Position isomers
  • Functional group isomers
84
Q

What are chain isomers?

A

Chain isomers are a type of structural isomerism where the molecules differ by havong a different carbon chain

85
Q

What are position isomers?

A

Position isomers are a type of structural isomerism where the molecules differ by having the functional group is a different position

86
Q

Where are the functional group isomers?

A

Functional group isomers are a type of structural isomerism where the molecules differ by having a different functional group

87
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A

A substitution reaction is a reaction where an atom/group replaces another atom/group

88
Q

What is unsaturated?

A

Unsaturated is where a molecule contains double bond(s)

89
Q

What is zusammen (Z) geometric isomerism?

A

Where the highest priority group are on the same side

90
Q

What is entgegan (E) geometric isomerism?

A

Where the highest priority groups are opposite to each other

91
Q

For geometric isomerism to occur, what is needed?

A
  • Double bond (alkene)

- Both carbons attached to the double bond must have 2 different groups attached

92
Q

What is the C.I.P. system in geometric isomerism?

A

Where priority is assigned using the highest masses bonded to the double bond

93
Q

What is the equation for percentage mass?

A

% mass = total mass of element/mass of molecule *100

94
Q

What are electrostatic forces?

A

The forces between atoms in compounds, positive and negative

95
Q

What are intermolecular forces?

A

The forces between molecules

96
Q

What does the boiling point/melting point represent?

A

The strength of intermolecular forces

97
Q

What does a high boiling point represent?

A

High boiling point represents large intermolecular forces, more energy needed to break bonds

98
Q

What are van der Waals?

A
  • Instantaneous dipole-induced dipoles

- A weak form of intermolecular force

99
Q

How are van der Waals formed?

A

Electrons moving freely around creating instantaneous dipole induced dipole forces
- electrostatic attraction between temporary dipoles

100
Q

What are temporary dipoles?

A

When part of a molecule becomes more negative or positive therefore resulting in electrostatic attraction forming Van der Waals

101
Q

How do van der Waals increase?

A
  • Increasing numbers of electrons
  • Increasing numbers of chain lengths
  • Size of molecule increases
  • Shape of molecule arranged neatly
102
Q

When are van der Waals highest?

A
  • When molecules have lots of surface contact
103
Q

Why do straight chain molecules have strong Van der Waals?

A
  • Pack close together

- More surface contact

104
Q

Why does Geometric (E-Z) isomerism only occur in alkenes (double bonds)?

A
  • Molecules cannot rotate around double bonds
105
Q

How to work out empirical formula:

A
  • Element/molecule
  • Percentage/data
  • Molecular mass
  • Divide
  • Divide by smallest
  • Multiply until whole
106
Q

How are van der Waals formed?

A

j

Chemistry MDY Paper 2 (2 decks)

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