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Chemistry MDY Paper 2 > 3.3.1 Introduction to organic chemistry` > Flashcards

3.3.1 Introduction to organic chemistry` Flashcards

3.3.1.1 Nomenclature 3.3.1.2 Reacttion Mechanisms 3.3.1.3 Isomerism

1
Q

What is the molecular formula and what is the molecular formula of butane?

A

Molecular Formula gives the actual numbers of atoms of each element in one molecule
C4H10

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2
Q

What is the structural formula and what is the structural formula of butane?

A

Structural Formula shows how the atoms are joined together in a molecule
CH3CH2CH2CH3

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3
Q

What is the displayed formula?

A

Displayed Formula shows all the bonds and atoms in a molecule

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4
Q

What is the stem name for a 1 carbon hydrocarbon?

A

Meth

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5
Q

What is the stem name for a 2 carbon hydrocarbon?

A

Eth

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6
Q

What is the stem name for a 3 carbon hydrocarbon?

A

Prop

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7
Q

What is the stem name for a 4 carbon hydrocarbon?

A

But

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8
Q

What is the stem name for a 5 carbon hydrocarbon?

A

Pent

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9
Q

What is the stem name for a 6 carbon hydrocarbon?

A

Hex

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10
Q

What is the stem name for a 7 carbon hydrocarbon?

A

Hept

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11
Q

What is the stem name for a 8 carbon hydrocarbon?

A

Oct

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12
Q

What is the stem name for a 9 carbon hydrocarbon?

A

Non

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13
Q

What is the stem name for a 10 carbon hydrocarbon?

A

Dec

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14
Q

What is the empirical formula?

A

Empirical Formula that gives the simplest ratio of atoms of each element in one molecule

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15
Q

What is the general formula?

A

General formula shows the number of atoms of each element in a substance which has n carbon atoms, all the molecules in a homologous series has the same general formula

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16
Q

What is the skeletal formula?

A

Skeletal formula has lines representing bonds, each point represents a carbon atom with hydrogen atoms and bonds not usually shown but not including any attached functional groups which are shown

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17
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

Organic chemistry is the study of the millions of covalent compounds of the element carbon

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18
Q

What is the name for a side chain with 1 carbon?

A

Methyl

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19
Q

What is the name for a side chain with 2 carbons?

A

Ethyl

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20
Q

What is the name for a side chain with 3 carbons?

A

Propyl

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21
Q

With branched chain alkanes, what do the numbers, if needed, have to be when naming?

A

The lowest it can be

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22
Q

When two or more side chains are present in branched chain alkanes, what order are they listed in?

A

Alphabetical order, not including prefixes such as di-

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23
Q

When two of the same carbon side chains are present in a branched chain alkane, what prefix is used?

A

di-

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24
Q

When three of the same carbon side chains are present in a branched chain alkane, what prefix is used?

A

tri-

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25
When four of the same carbon side chains are present in a branched chain alkane, what prefix is used?
tetra-
26
What are used to separate numbers and names in named branched chain alkanes?
Hyphens (-)
27
What is the suffix of alkanes?
-ane
28
What is the maximum bonds of Carbon(C)?
4
29
What is the maximum bond of Hydrogen(H)?
1
30
What is a homologous series?
A series of compounds that have similar properties and the same general formula
31
What is the functional group for a carboxylic acid?
-C=O | ` OH
32
What is the suffix for a carboxylic acid?
-oic acid
33
What is the functional group for a ester?
-C=O | `O-
34
What is the suffix for a ester?
-oate
35
What is the functional group for a acyl chloride?
-C=O | `Cl
36
What is the suffix for a acyl chloride?
-oyl chloride
37
What is the functional group for a nitrile?
-C=-N
38
What is the suffix for a nitrile?
-nitrile
39
What is the functional group for a aldehyde?
-C=O | `H
40
What is the suffix for a aldehyde?
-al
41
What is the functional group for a ketone?
-C=O | `
42
What is the suffix for a ketone?
-one
43
What is the functional group for a alcohol?
-OH
44
What is the suffix for a alcohol?
-ol
45
What is the functional group for a amine?
-NH2
46
What is the suffix for a amine?
-amine
47
What is the functional group for a alkene?
C=C
48
What is the suffix for a alkene?
-ene
49
What are halogenoalkanes/haloalkanes?
One or more halogens (group 7) that have taken the place of a H in an alkane
50
What is the functional group for a halogenoalkanes/haloalkanes?
-C-X | X=halogen
51
What is the suffix for fluorine when in an halogenoalkanes/haloalkanes?
fluoro-
52
What is the suffix for chlorine when in an halogenoalkanes/haloalkanes?
chloro-
53
What is the suffix for bromine when in an halogenoalkanes/haloalkanes?
bromo-
54
What is the suffix for iodine when in an halogenoalkanes/haloalkanes?
-iodo
55
What are primary haloalkanes (1')?
Where the carbon joined to the halogen is only attached to one other alkyl group
56
What are secondary haloalkanes(2')?
Where the carbon joined to the halogen is attached to two other alkyl groups
57
What are tertiary haloalkanes(3')?
Where the carbon joined to the halogen is attached to three other alkyl groups
58
What is the suffix of alkenes?
-ene
59
When naming alkenes, where are the numbers stated?
Before the -ene | e.g. Hex-1-ene
60
In alkenes, what does the number represent?
The position of the double bond
61
What is an addition reaction?
A addition reaction is a reaction where the a molecule joins to an unsaturated molecule to produce a saturated molecule
62
What is an aliphatic?
An aliphatic are organic compounds containing C chains and branches
63
What is an aromatic?
An aromatic are organic compounds containing one or more benzene ring(s)
64
What is a carbocation?
A carbocation is a positive ion with the positive charge on a C atom
65
What is a cyclic?
A cyclic are organic compounds containg C rings, also called alicycle
66
What is dehydration?
Dehydration is the elimination of water
67
What is dehydrogenation?
Dehydrogenation is the elimintaion of hydrogen
68
What is an electrophile?
An electrophile is a lone pair acceptor
69
What is an elimination reaction?
An elimination reaction is a reaction where a molecule is lost from a saturated molecule to form an unsaturated molecule
70
What is a free radical?
A free radical are species with an unpaired electron
71
What is a functional group?
The atom or group of atoms that is responsible for most of the chemical reactions of a molecule
72
What is a homologous series?
A family of compounds woith the same general formula and similar chemical properties. In a series, each member differs by the addition of a CH2 group and there is a gradual change in physical properties
73
What is hydration?
Hydration is the addition of water
74
What is a hydrocarbon?
A hydrocarbon is a molecule containg hydrogen and carbon only
75
What is hydrolysis?
Hydrolysis is a reaction involving the breaking of bonds due to reaction with water
76
What is a nucleophile?
A nucleophile is a lone pair doner
77
What is saturated?
Saturated is when molecules contain no double bonds
78
What are stereoisomers?
Steroisomers are molecules with the same molecular and structural formulae but a different spatial arrangement of atoms
79
What are the two types of stereoisomers?
- Geometric isomers | - Optical isomers
80
What are geometric isomers?
Geometric isomers are a type of steroisomerism in which molecules have different arrangement of groups around C=C
81
What are optical isomers?
Optical isomers are a type of steroeisomerism in which molecules are non-superimposable mirror images
82
What are structural isomers?
Structural isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures
83
What are the three types of structural isomers?
- Chain isomers - Position isomers - Functional group isomers
84
What are chain isomers?
Chain isomers are a type of structural isomerism where the molecules differ by havong a different carbon chain
85
What are position isomers?
Position isomers are a type of structural isomerism where the molecules differ by having the functional group is a different position
86
Where are the functional group isomers?
Functional group isomers are a type of structural isomerism where the molecules differ by having a different functional group
87
What is a substitution reaction?
A substitution reaction is a reaction where an atom/group replaces another atom/group
88
What is unsaturated?
Unsaturated is where a molecule contains double bond(s)
89
What is zusammen (Z) geometric isomerism?
Where the highest priority group are on the same side
90
What is entgegan (E) geometric isomerism?
Where the highest priority groups are opposite to each other
91
For geometric isomerism to occur, what is needed?
- Double bond (alkene) | - Both carbons attached to the double bond must have 2 different groups attached
92
What is the C.I.P. system in geometric isomerism?
Where priority is assigned using the highest masses bonded to the double bond
93
What is the equation for percentage mass?
% mass = total mass of element/mass of molecule *100
94
What are electrostatic forces?
The forces between atoms in compounds, positive and negative
95
What are intermolecular forces?
The forces between molecules
96
What does the boiling point/melting point represent?
The strength of intermolecular forces
97
What does a high boiling point represent?
High boiling point represents large intermolecular forces, more energy needed to break bonds
98
What are van der Waals?
- Instantaneous dipole-induced dipoles | - A weak form of intermolecular force
99
How are van der Waals formed?
Electrons moving freely around creating instantaneous dipole induced dipole forces - electrostatic attraction between temporary dipoles
100
What are temporary dipoles?
When part of a molecule becomes more negative or positive therefore resulting in electrostatic attraction forming Van der Waals
101
How do van der Waals increase?
- Increasing numbers of electrons - Increasing numbers of chain lengths - Size of molecule increases - Shape of molecule arranged neatly
102
When are van der Waals highest?
- When molecules have lots of surface contact
103
Why do straight chain molecules have strong Van der Waals?
- Pack close together | - More surface contact
104
Why does Geometric (E-Z) isomerism only occur in alkenes (double bonds)?
- Molecules cannot rotate around double bonds
105
How to work out empirical formula:
- Element/molecule - Percentage/data - Molecular mass - Divide - Divide by smallest - Multiply until whole
106
How are van der Waals formed?
j

Chemistry MDY Paper 2 (2 decks)

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