3.3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Question 1

saturated

Answer 1

contain single carbon-carbon bonds only

Question 2

unsaturated

Answer 2

contains a C=C double bond

Question 3

molecular formula

Answer 3

the formula which shows the actual number of each type of atom

Question 4

empirical formula

Answer 4

shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound

Question 5

general formula

Answer 5

algebraic formula for a homologous series

e.g CnH₂n

Question 6

structural formula

Answer 6

shows minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

e.g CH₃

Question 7

displayed formula

Answer 7

show all the covalent bonds and atoms present in a molecule

Question 8

skeletal formula

Answer 8

shows the simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups

Question 9

homologous series

Answer 9

families of organic compounds with the same functional group and same general formula

-they show a gradual change in physical properties
-each member differs by CH₂ from the last
-same chemical properties

Question 10

ALKANE: Functional Group?

Answer 10

C—C

Question 11

ALKANE: Prefix/Suffix?

Answer 11

-ane

Question 12

ALKENE: Functional Group?

Answer 12

C==C

Question 13

ALKENE: Prefix/Suffix?

Answer 13

-ene

Question 14

ALCOHOLS: Functional Group?

Answer 14

C—OH

Question 15

ALCOHOLS: Prefix/Suffix?

Answer 15

-ol

Question 16

HALOGENOALKANES: Functional Group?

Answer 16

C—Halogen

Question 17

HYDROGENOALKANES: Prefix/Suffix?

Answer 17

chloro-
bromo-
iodo-

Question 18

ALDEHYDES: Functional Group?

Answer 18

O
||
—C—H

Question 19

ALDEHYDES: Prefix/Suffix

Answer 19

-al
formyl-

Question 20

KETONES: Functional Group?

Answer 20

O
||
—C—

Question 21

KETONES: Prefix/Suffix?

Answer 21

-one

Question 22

CARBOXYLIC ACID: Functional Group?

Answer 22

O
||
—C—OH

Question 23

CARBOXYLIC ACID: Prefix/Suffix?

Answer 23

-oic acid

Question 24

ESTERS: Functional Group?

Answer 24

O
||
—C—O

Question 25

ESTERS: **Prefix/Suffix**

Answer 25

-yl —oate

Question 26

order of priority, highest first?

Answer 26

1. Carboxylic Acids 2. Nitrile 3. Aldehyde 4. Ketone 5. Alcohol 6. Amine 7. Alkene 8. Halogenoalkane **Anagram**: cry not alien, kill aliens against all happiness

Question 27

2 types of bond breaking/fission

Answer 27

-heterolytic -homolytic

Question 28

**Heterolytic Fission**

Answer 28

-one atom gets both electrons -the atom that gains the electrons becomes **negatively** charged, -the atom that loses an electron becomes **positively** charged e.g H–Br → H⁺ + Br⁻ (*double-headed* arrow going from middle of bond to adjacent element)

Question 29

**Homolytic Fission**

Answer 29

-each atom gets one electron from the covalent bond -this produces **2 free radicals**, (atoms with unpaired electrons) -these free radicals are unstable and therefore highly reactive e.g H–Br → •H+ •Br

Question 30

free radical

Answer 30

reactive species which possess an unpaired electron

Question 31

what will an arrow always start from?

Answer 31

-lone pair -centre of a bond

Question 32

formation of a covalent bond? (arrow start and end)

Answer 32

-starts from lone pair -starts from another covalent bond

Question 33

breaking of a covalent bond? (arrow start and end)

Answer 33

-start from a lone pair -start from centre of bond

Question 34

what are the 2 types of isomers?

Answer 34

-structural -stereoisomers

Question 35

structural isomers

Answer 35

**same** molecular formula **different** structures

Question 36

stereoisomers

Answer 36

**same** molecular formula **same** structure arranged **differently** in space

Question 37

3 examples of *Structural Isomers*

Answer 37

-chain isomerism -position isomerism -functional group isomerism

Question 38

2 examples of *Stereoisomers*

Answer 38

-optical -E-Z

Question 39

What are the functional group isomerism pairs?

Answer 39

-Aldehydes & Ketones -Carboxylic Acids & Esters -Alkenes & Cycloalkanes