331 Exam 2 Flashcards
5 components of classical conditioning; examples?
oUnconditioned stimulus
• Meat powder
oUnconditioned response
• Salivation
oConditioned response
• By pairing bell with meat power, bell becomes conditioned stimulus, so salivation is a conditioned response
oNeutral stimulus
• The bell has no natural effect on dogs’ salivation, so it is neutral
• After adding neutral stimulus, unconditioned stimulus becomes conditioned
Receptive vs. expressive language
Receptive language precedes expressed language
• Receptive language is words understood, or words ‘received’ by the user
• Joint attention—learning speech begins with sharing a common focus
• Statistical learning—children are very sensitive to regularities in language
Expressed language is words produced, or words ‘expressed’ by the user
• This ability emerges after receptive language abilities
• Children can use productive language before they can talk
Define constructivism
The perspective that knowledge must be constructed by the learner
• Fundamentally, you cannot directly place knowledge into someone’s head
• Student/child-centered model because child is constructing own model/learning/perspectives
Differences between Vygotsky and Piaget’s theories
Piaget: emphasized biology, solitary, exploration, and discovery
• A → biological readiness (maturation or age) → B
Vygotsky: emphasized social interactions drive cognitive development
• A → cultural tool → B
Main points of sociocultural theory
o Vygotsky emphasized SOCIAL and CULTURAL influences on cognitive development
• Cognition is INHERENTLY SOCIAL and,
• Cognition is INHERENTLY LANGUAGE BASED
o Children’s cognitive development as SOCIALLY INFORMED
• Social interactions are ENGINES OF DEVELOPMENT
Define cultural tools; examples?
Cultural tools MEDIATE LEARNING
• Examples: Language, Numbers/counting, Symbolism, Schemes, Pencils, Diagrams/maps, Blueprints, Computers, Conventional signs
**Within social interactions, children use those cultural tools to get to those higher cognitive processes
3 components of information processing Store Model
o Sensory register: where stimuli initially held for short period
o Working memory: where we hold ‘attended-to’ information so we can encode it
o Long-term memory: permanent knowledge base
• Very vast/unlimited, but comes at a cost—retrieval can be difficult if have too much information stored
Define holophrase
single words that convey more complex thought
• By 15-18 months
• ‘Truck” = “that thing over there is a truck”
3 components of executive functioning
o Working memory: capacity to hold and manipulate information over short periods of time
o Inhibitory control: filter our thoughts and impulses to think before we act
o Cognitive flexibility: capacity to nimbly switch gears and adjust to change in demands
Define scaffolding
o Scaffolding: adjusting support to fit children’s level
• Giving hints/helping but eventually hand over task so child can do independently
Define intelligence
Individual differences in cognitive abilities
• Ability to reason, plan, problem solve, think abstractly, learn quickly
• Measures more scholastic abilities of cognition
reasoning, planning, problem solving, and/or thinking abstractly
3 components of Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
- Analytic—ability to recognize and define a problem, generate solution, and evaluate progress toward solution
- Practical—application of intelligence in every day life situations
- Creative—solving novel problems; quickly shift tasks
How does bilingual language affect children’s cognitive development?
o Bilingualism has actually been shown to aid development of executive functioning skills
• Selective attention
• Problem solving
• Mental flexibility
• Language processing
• Theory of mind
o To learn a second language requires interaction in that language
Primary causes of racial achievement gap before school
- The Word Gap (30 million word gap)
- Parent stress
- Child care—preschool programs or high-quality, enriching settings
Primary causes of racial achievement gap during school
- Once you’re behind, very difficult to catch up
- Teacher bias
- Learned helplessness
- Segregation—urban vs. suburb districts
- Cultural match—between student and teacher
- Poverty related issues—hierarchy of needs, parent support, peer pressure, summer declines
What are the various components that make up school readiness?
o Pre-literacy skills o Early math and science skills o Self regulation o Emotional development o Attitudes toward learning and school
Define African American Vernacular English
o Dialect—particular form of a language that is distinctive of a specific region or social group
o AAVE is not simply ‘black slang’
• There is established grammar, quite similar to Standard English
• Recognized by linguists, ethnologists, and even some school districts as established, legitimate dialects
Which socioeconomic class is most exposed to lead?
Low income children
What are the effects of lead in children?
o Consequences: dietary factors—lacking zinc and iron; stressful, disorganized home
o High levels associated with:
• Brain swelling, disrupted functioning of neurons and cell death
Define habituation in relation to media exposure
o A reduction in attention to a continuously available or repeated stimulus
• i.e. when infants’ attention declines to 50% of the amount of time they first looked at a stimulus, they have habituated to the familiar stimulus
Which age group watch the most television?
Preschoolers
Who is associated with the nativist view of language?
Noam Chomsky
- Language is born with us
Who is associated with the environmentalist view of language?
Skinner
- Think all language is learned
3 factors that explain why socioeconomic status as an effect on executive functioning
o Home enrichment
o Maternal sensitivity
o Child’s temperamental reactivity
Define positive reinforcement
Something added that increases probability of a behavior
• i.e. treats; receiving stickers for doing well on spelling test
Define negative reinforcement
Something removed that increases probability of a behavior
• i.e. time out; seatbelt reminder buzzer; playing sick to skip PE class
Define punishment
Spanking; squirting Leonard in face with water bottle; sending to principle’s office
Adding an adverse consequence that reduces probability of a given behavior
Factors that help explain the socioeconomic variation in children’s IQ scores
o Home environment (lack of enrichment at home)
o Culturally biased tests
