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biology > 3.3 respiration > Flashcards

3.3 respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 4 stages of respiration?

A

glycolysis
link reaction
Krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

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2
Q

where does glycolysis take place?

A

in the cytoplasm

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3
Q

in simple terms explain glycolysis

A

refer to sheet

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4
Q

what enzymes are used during an oxidation reaction?

A

dehydrogenase

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5
Q

what happens during an oxidation reaction?

A

NAD becomes NAD reduced

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6
Q

how many ATP’s per glucose are made during glycolysis?
why is this not equal to the net ATP?

A

4 - because 2 ATP’s are used at the start

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7
Q

how many NAD reduced per glucose are during glycolysis?

A

2

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8
Q

where does the link reaction take place?

A

in the mitochondrial matrix

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9
Q

what does the link reaction need to happen?

A

oxygen

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10
Q

in simple terms describe the process of the link reaction

A

refer to sheet

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11
Q

what enzymes are used in a decarboxylation reaction?

A

decarboxylase

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12
Q

what happens during a decarboxylation reaction?
specify to the link reaction

A

CO2 is removed
carbon is removed from pyruvate and joined with 2 oxygens

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13
Q

how many NAD reduced per glucose and CO2 is made during the link reaction?

A

2 of each

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14
Q

where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

in the mitochondrial matrix

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15
Q

in simple terms explain the process of the Krebs cycle

A

refer to sheet

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16
Q

what happens to coenzyme A. during the Krebs cycle?

A

it’s released and reused in the link reaction to bring another acetate into the Krebs cycle

17
Q

how many NAD reduced per glucose are made in the Krebs cycle?

A

6

18
Q

how many FAD reduced per glucose are made in the Krebs cycle?

A

2

19
Q

how many CO2’s per glucose are made in the Krebs cycle?

A

4

20
Q

how many ATP’s per glucose are made in the Krebs cycle?

A

2

21
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation happen?

A

in the inner mitochondrial matrix

22
Q

in simple terms explain the process of oxidative phosphorylation

A

refer to the sheet

23
Q

what is the role of reduced NAD and reduced FAD in oxidative phosphorylation?
what happens to them?

A

brings H atoms into the inner mitochondrial membrane
they are re-oxidised to return to glycolysis, link reaction and the Krebs cycle

24
Q

what does the active transport of H+ into the matrix produce?
give multiple names

A

electrochemical gradient
or proton/pH

25
Q

what is chemiosmosis?

A

when H+ flows down the gradient by diffusion from the inter membrane space back into the matrix through channel proteins

26
Q

how is ATP produced in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

the channel protein is attached to a stalked particle with the enzyme ATP synthetase. when the H+ flows past this enzyme it rotates and catalyses ADP + Pi -> ATP

27
Q

where does anaerobic respiration take place?

A

in the cytoplasm

28
Q

how many ATP’s are made in anaerobic respiration?

A

2

29
Q

what type of reaction is anaerobic respiration?
explain why

A

redox reaction - pyruvate is reduced and NAD is re oxidised

30
Q

what does pyruvate become in animals during anaerobic respiration?

A

lactate (lactic acid)

31
Q

what is lactate?

A

pyruvate + 2H+

32
Q

how does pyruvate become lactate?
explain

A

oxidation reaction
NAD reduced becomes NAD

33
Q

what is the process of anaerobic respiration in plants/yeast?

A

pyruvate -> ethanal -> ethanol

34
Q

what process is involved when pyruvate becomes ethanal?

A

decarboxylation

35
Q

what process is involved when ethanal becomes ethanol?

A

oxidation reaction
NAD reduced becomes NAD

36
Q

why does ethanol have 2 more hydrogens?

A

reoxidised NAD

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