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Bio LvL 3 > 3.3 Plant and Animal Responses > Flashcards

3.3 Plant and Animal Responses Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is tropism?

A

A growth response towards or away from an environmental stimulus in one direction (plants)

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2
Q

What is auxin?

A

Auxin is a plant growth hormone that controls the tropic response, it causes elongation

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3
Q

How does auxin affect roots?

A

Low concentrations stimulate, high concentrations inhibit

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4
Q

How does auxin affect lateral buds?

A

Low concentrations stimulates, high concentrations inhibit

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5
Q

How does auxin affect stems?

A

High concentrations stimulate, low concentrations inhibit

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6
Q

What is etiolation?

A

When in low light shoots grow faster and the stem becomes elongated to maximise stem length so that the plant may grow to a lighter area.

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7
Q

Where does auxin accumulate?

A

The shaded/lower sides of the plant root/shoot

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8
Q

What is the mechanism of a plant working towards positive phototropism?

A
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9
Q

What are nastic responses?

A

Non-directional responses to stimuli (plants)

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10
Q

What is taxes?

A

The movement of the whole animal towards or away from a stimulus

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11
Q

What is Kinesis?

A

A non directional response to stimuli (animal)

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12
Q

What are the 3 main reasons for animals’ behaviour?

A

Food, Shelter, Mates

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13
Q

What are the mechanisms of gravitropism in seedlings?

A
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14
Q

What is gibberellin?

A

The hormone responsible for the germination of seeds, stimulation of flowering, and breaking dormancy in seeds and buds

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15
Q

What is homing?

A

The ability of an individual to return back to the home site

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16
Q

What is migration?

A

Annual mass movements made by animals from their breeding area to feeding area

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17
Q

What are the triggers to migration?

A
  1. A drop in temperature
  2. Days become shorter, which triggers migratory restlessness
  3. Innate genetic drive
  4. The desire to reproduce
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18
Q

What are the methods of navigation used in animals?

A
  1. Visual Cues
  2. Solar Navigations
  3. Magnetic fields
  4. Star Navigation
  5. Chemical Navigation
  6. Sound as sonar
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19
Q

How does solar navigation work?

A

It is an inbuilt clock that can help to determine direction, using the fact that the sun moves east to west during the day.

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20
Q

What is an exogenous rhythm?

A

A rythym controlled by the external stimuli detected by the organism

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21
Q

What is an endogenous rhythm?

A

A rythym controlled by an internal biological clock and maintained even when zeitgebers are removed

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22
Q

What is entrainment?

A

When biological clocks reset on a regular basis with zeitgebers, forcing it to take up the new period of environment

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23
Q

What are the adaptive advantages of circadian rythyms?

A
  1. Sychronise with food/prey
  2. Avoid Predators/unfavourable conditions
24
Q

Biological clocks are?

A

Innate, genetically determined

25
Q

What are the adaptive advantages of circaannual rhythms?

A
  1. Synchronise with seasons
  2. Breeding in favourable conditions
  3. Migrating to avoid unfavourable conditions
26
Q

Photoperiods in animals are controlled by?

A

The pineal gland and SCN

27
Q

What is a zeitgeber?

A

Environmental cues that train the internal biological clock

28
Q

What is phytochrome?

A

A pigment in leaves that absorbs 2 wavelengths of light, Pr Pfr

29
Q

What is a short-day plant?

A

Plants that require short days and long nights (low con. of Pfr)

30
Q

What is critical day length?

A

The time of day length required for a plant to flower

31
Q

What is a long-day plant?

A

Plants that require a long day and short night to flower (high con. of Pfr)

32
Q

What does Pr absorb?

A

red light, from the sun

33
Q

What does Pfr absorb?

A

Far-red light, night only has far red light

34
Q

Describe the phytochrome diagram

A
35
Q

How is the light detected?

A

By the leaves, which uses florigen to pass the messages to the buds

36
Q

Describe short day plants in winter

A

Pr accumulates to high levels, stimulating them to flower (due to low con. Pfr)

37
Q

Describe long day plants in summer

A

Pr reaches low levels , stimulating them to flower (due to high con. Pfr)

38
Q

What are interspecific relationships?

A

Interactions with other species

39
Q

What are intraspecific relationships?

A

Interactions between one species

40
Q

Describe mutualism

A

Species A and B benefit

41
Q

Describe commensalism

A

Species A benefits, Species B is not affected

42
Q

Describe antibiosis

A

Species A is harmed and Species B is not affected

43
Q

Describe exploitation

A

Species A benefits, Species B is harmed

44
Q

Describe alleopathy

A

Occurs in plants only, Species aA benefits, Species B is harmed

45
Q

Describe competition

A

Both species are harmed

46
Q

Describe the specifics of exploitation

A

Grazing: Plants eaten by many organisms
Predation: Predator v Prey
Parasitic: Parasites take resources from the host

47
Q

What is Gauses’ principle of competitive exclusion?

A

“When two species have exactly the same way of life (ecological niche) they will not be able to co-exist.”

48
Q

What is interspecific competition is reduced by?

A

Animals creating small differences in niches, such as eating on different parts of a tree or leaf, being nocturnal vs. diurnal, plants growing away from one another

49
Q

What is an Agnostic Behaviour?

A

Any social behaviour related to fighting (broader than just aggressive behaviour)

50
Q

What is ritualised fighting?

A

Non lethal organised fighting within a species to make sure there are is a winner and a loser without serious damage to damage survival

51
Q

When does the most vicious fighting occur?

A

Individuals that can’t really hurt each other

52
Q

When does the most intense competition occur?

A
  1. Interspecifically
  2. Between the same sex when needing a mate
53
Q

How do species alleviate intraspecific competition? Why do they want to do this?

A

Creating hierarchies and territories. Competition benefits no-one so species will try to avoid it when possible to ensure their survival.

54
Q

What is a home range?

A

An area that an animal moves around to collect resources or travel across. it is not defended (Neighbourhood)

55
Q

What is a territory?

A

An area of the home range that is defended and marked (house)

56
Q

What are some of the adaptive advantages of territories?

A
  • Reduces direct competition
    -ensures enough space and food for each animal holding territory
  • The most successful male has the most territories, meaning more genetically superior off spring
57
Q

How do animals mark their territory?

A
  1. Vocal, birds singing
  2. Mark with urine
  3. Special scent glands
  4. Waving claws/visuals

Bio LvL 3 (2 decks)

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