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CHEMISTRY > ≫3.3 - Introduction to Organic Chemistry ✔ > Flashcards

≫3.3 - Introduction to Organic Chemistry ✔ Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the priority of each homologous series when naming compounds?

A

*Carboxylic acid (highest.)
*Ester.
*Acyl chloride.
*Nitrile.
*Aldehyde.
*Ketone.
*Alcohol.
*Amine.
*Alkene.
*Halogenoalkane (lowest.)

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2
Q

What is the general formula, functional group, prefix and suffix for aldehydes?

A

*CₙH₂ₙO
*Formyl
*al

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3
Q

What is the functional group, prefix and suffix for an ester?

A

*Alkoxy carbonyl
*oate

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4
Q

What is the functional group, prefix and suffix for a nitrile?

A

*Cyano
*nitrile

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5
Q

What is the functional group, prefix and suffix for acyl chloride?

A

*Chloro carbonyl
*oyl chloride

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6
Q

What is E-Z isomerism?

A

*Occurs due to the restricted rotation around the carbon double bond. This results in two different groups on one end of the bond and two different groups on the other end.
*If the highest priority groups for each carbon are found on the same side of the molecule they are Z-Isomer ‘zusammen.’
*If the highest priority groups for each carbon are found on opposite sides of the molecule then it is the E-Isomer ‘entegen.’

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7
Q

What is the order we write formulas in?

A

*C, H, O, N, P, S and then anything else.

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8
Q

Outline the steps for naming organic compounds:

A

⓵Find the longest carbon chain thus indicating the prefix.
⓶Add the functional group name.
⓷Add number for the position of functional group if relevant.
⓸Add branches/atoms in alphabetical order keeping the positional numbers as small as possible.
⓹Di, Tri, Tetra don’t count as part of the alphabetical order but indicate the number of functional groups or branches.
⓺Commas between numbers, dashes between numbers and letters.

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9
Q

What is a cyclic compound?

A

*A compound that has its carbon atoms in a ring.
*They have the prefix ‘cyclo’ in the name.

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10
Q

Outline how to name an alcohol:

A

*Find position of OH group keeping it as low as possible.
*Add position before ‘ol’ in-between 2 dashes.
e.g: propan-1-ol

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11
Q

Outline how to name an alkene:

A

*Find position of C=C group keeping it as low as possible.
*Add position before ‘ene’ in-between 2 dashes.
e.g: but-1-ene

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12
Q

What is an isomer?

A

*Molecules with the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms within the molecule.

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13
Q

What is structural isomerism?

A

*Structural isomers are compounds which have the same molecular formula but a different structural formula.

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14
Q

What is a chain isomer?

A

*Isomers that occur due to branching in the carbon chain.

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15
Q

What is a position isomer?

A

*These have the functional group of the molecule in a different position of the carbon chain.

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16
Q

What is a functional group isomer?

A

*These have a different arrangement of the same molecular formula so that the molecule has a different functional group.

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17
Q

What is a stereoisomer?

A

*These have the same molecular formula and structural formula but a different spatial arrangement.

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18
Q

Describe the characteristics of a homologous series:

A

*Similar chemical reactions.
*Each consecutive member differs by CH₂
*Increase in B.P as chain length increases.
*Same functional group and general formula.
*Graduation in properties.

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19
Q

What is an empirical formula?

A

*The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.
*E.g. -C6H12O6 but the empirical formula is CH2O

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20
Q

What is a molecular formula?

A

*The true number of atoms of each element in a compound.

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21
Q

What is a general formula?

A

*Shows atoms carbon by carbon with attached hydrogen and functional groups.
*Eg CnH2n+2

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22
Q

What is a structural formula?

A

*Shows atoms carbon by carbon with attached hydrogen and functional groups.
e.g: CH₃CHCHCH₃

23
Q

What is a displayed formula?

A

*Shows every atom and every bond in an organic compound.
*Each carbon should have 4 bonds.

24
Q

What is a skeletal formula?

A

*Shows the bonds of the carbon skeleton only and functional groups.
*Hydrogen is assumed to be bonded to them unless stated otherwise.

25
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

*A group of compounds with the same general formula and functional group.

26
Q

What is the general formula and functional group for alkanes?

A

*CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
*C-C

27
Q

What is the general formula and functional group for alkenes?

A

*CₙH₂ₙ
*C=C

28
Q

What is the general formula, functional group, prefix and suffix for an alcohol?

A

*CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH
*Hydroxy
*ol

29
Q

What is the general formula and functional group for halogenoalkanes?

A

*CₙH₂ₙ₊₁Hal
*-Hal

30
Q

What is the general formula, functional group, prefix and suffix for carboxylic acids?

A

*CₙH₂ₙ₊₁COOH
*Carboxy
*oic acid

31
Q

What is the order of the first ten alkanes?

A

*Methane.
*Ethane.
*Propane.
*Butane.
*Pentane.
*Hexane.
*Heptane.
*Octane.
*Nonane.
*Decane.

32
Q

What is the prefix for the following side chain group or substituent?
≫CH₃:
≫CH₂CH₃:
≫CH₂CH₂CH₃:
≫F:
≫Cl:
≫Br:
≫I:

A

*Methyl.
*Ethyl.
*Propyl.
*Fluoro.
*Chloro.
*Bromo.
*Iodo.

33
Q

What is the functional group, prefix and suffix for a ketone?

A

*Oxo
*one

34
Q

What is the functional group, prefix and suffix for an amine?

A

*Amino
*amine

35
Q

What rules apply if there are two or more side chains or substituent groups?

A

*Names are placed in alphabetical order.
*A separate number is needed for each side chain or group.
*Hyphens are placed between numbers and letters.

36
Q

What rules apply if there are two or more of the SAME side chains or substituent groups?

A

*Apply the prefixes e.g: di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa.
*Give each group a number.
*Separate the numbers with commas.
*Prefixes do not affect the alphabetical order.

37
Q

What are the two groups of functional group isomers that we must know?

A

*Alkenes and cycloalkanes.
*Aldehydes and ketones.

38
Q

What are the 3 steps for the CIP rules for E/Z isomers?

A

⓵Work out the Ar value of what is directly attached to the C=C, the one that has higher Ar has higher priority.
⓶If two atoms directly joined are the same look to what is bonded to the atom, one with the highest Mr has higher priority.
⓷A C=O bond or any other double bond gets double value.

39
Q

How do you name a compound with two functional groups?

A

*Identify the functional group with the highest priority and add a suffix of that functional group.

*The other groups are treated as substituents and added to the name with prefixes.

*However double and triple bonds (e.g: C=C) only ever take suffix form, such as alkenes.

40
Q

What groups of homologous series must you identify where the functional group is?

A

*Alkenes.
*Alcohols.
*Ketones with 5 or more carbons.

41
Q

What is the rule when you put an alkene and a carboxylic acid together?
(or any two vowels)

A

*There are two vowels so cancel the ‘e’ from ene and you get ‘enoic acid.’

42
Q

How can you determine the priority of functional groups?

A

*Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules.

43
Q

Give the 6 different ways of writing and representing organic compounds

A
  1. Empirical formula
  2. Molecular formula
  3. General formula
  4. Structural formula
  5. Displayed formula
  6. Skeletal formula
44
Q

What are organic compounds often apart of?

A

*A part of a homologous series.
*In which all members follow a general formula and react in a very similar way.
*Each consecutive members differs by CH2 and there is an increase in boiling points as the chain length increases

45
Q

Give the two main types of isomers?

A

*Structural
*Stereoisomers

46
Q

Give the types of structural isomers

A

*Chain branch/unbranched
*Positional isomers
*Functional isomers

47
Q

Give the types of stereoisomers

A

*E/Z (geometric) isomers
*Optical isomers

48
Q

What are chemical properties?

A

*A reaction producing something new

49
Q

What are physical properties?

A

*characteristic that can be seen or measured without changing the chemical identity of the substance.

50
Q

How many atoms do simple molecules usually contain?

A

*generally 60 or less

51
Q

What will group 4 generally form?

A

*(c and Si) it will generally form giant macromolecular structures consisting of millions of atom covalently bonded

52
Q

What do carbon joined to other non-metals tend to form?

A

*Simple molecular structure

53
Q

Describe the Family series?

A

*Same general formula
*same double bonds
*Similar properties
*Different number of carbons (chain length)
*Different physical properties

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