33 - endocrine

Question 1

the endocrine system is made of the _ and _
plus thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testicles

what about skeletal muscle and fat?

Answer 1

hypothalamus and pituitary glands (antieror/posterio)

skeletal muscle - should be considered because muscles secrete things that cause physio change

Question 2

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Gland

_ _ and _ are important for pharm intervention

Others:
either very rare
usage or better
ways accomplish
things.

Answer 2

FSH, LH, and GH

TSH, ACTH, Prolactin, MSH - not important pharm wise

Question 3

GH from anterior pituitary

causes liver to release _, leading to growth of cartliage and bone, and protein synthesis growth in muscle and other organs

what does it do to adipose tissue

most tissues?

Answer 3

insulin-like growth factor 1

adipose - lipolysis, release of fatty acids

most tissues - decreased glucose utilization

Question 4

Hypothalamus secretes _ and _ , positive and
negative effectors, respectively, of
growth hormone (GH) release by the
anterior pituitary

Answer 4

Growth
hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
and somatostatin (SST),

Question 5

_ is a negative regulator of
GHRH secretion.

_,
produced in the liver in response
to GH, is a negative regulator of
GH release by the pituitary and a
positive regulator of SST release
by the hypothalamus.

Answer 5

GH regs GHRH from hyothalamus

Insulin-like
growth factor 1 (IGF-1) - from liver has positive efffect on somatostatin and negative effect on GH

Question 6

_ is a peptide hormone released by the stomach in response to hunger

Answer 6

Ghrelin

positive effect on GH

Question 7

A receptor with associated JAK kinase (as well as
Src kinase) activity mediates the effects of _ hormone

when binds to receptor dimerization and
transphosphorylation occurs

Answer 7

growth hormone

Question 8

Growth Hormone Therapeutics

Treatment in children with short stature

Treatment of severe catabolic states ( e.g. AIDS)

Anti-aging (benefits controversial)

GH antagonists used to treat _ (too much GH produced)

Answer 8

antagonists used to tx acromegaly

Question 9

GH has receptor with associated JAK kinase

_ and _ Receptors are G protein coupled
receptors linked to Gαs

Answer 9

FSH and LH

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin-hCG - considered with these two guys (from placenta)

Question 10

FSH in women and men

Answer 10

women - ovarian follicle development, and ovarian steroidogeneis (LH too)

men - spermatogensis

Question 11

Follicular stage of menstrual cycle

_ hormone - androgen production

_ hormone - conversion of androgens to estrogens

Answer 11

LH - androgen production

FSH - conversion androgen to estrogens

Question 12

Luteal stage of menstrual cycle

_ hormonse - Estrogen and progesterone production

Answer 12

LH

hCG
(human chorionic gondadotropin) If pregnancy occurs

Question 13

the _ is stimulated by LH (or hCG) to produce progesterone and estrogen - required to maintain pregnancy

Answer 13

corpus luteum

Question 14

LH in males

Answer 14

testosterone production

Question 15

FSH, LH, hCG therapeutics

Used to induce _ that is secondary to
hypogonadotropic hypogonadism,
Polycystic ovary syndrome, obesity, others

Used to treat male _ in cases not treatable
with androgen alone

Answer 15

ovulation

Complex protocols, requires close monitoring.
Expensive. (use reserved for cases not
treatable with simpler , cheaper alternatives)
—

used to tx male infertility

Question 16

Hormones of the posterior Pituitary: _ and _

Small peptides synthesized in hypothalamic neurons. Transported down
axon to pituitary, where they are stored and released.

Answer 16

Oxytocin - uterine muscles and mammary glands

and Vasopressin (aka antidiuretic Hormone, ADH) - kidney tubules and vasoconstriction

Question 17

vassopress/ADH from posterior pituitary

stimulated by angiotensin II, sympathetic stimulation, hyperosomolarity, hypovolemia, hypotension

has 2 receptors and wwhat do they do

Answer 17

V1 - vasoconstriction, increase BP - G protein coupled
receptors on vascular
smooth muscle that
mediate vasoconstriction

V2 - G protein coupled receptors on
kidney tubules that mediate water
retention - renal fluid reabsorption - increased blood volume - increased BP

Question 18

Clinical Uses of Vasopressin/ADH

Answer 18

Treatment of diabetes insipidous - if defect in ADH just replace it with the drug

Treatment of certain types of bleeding problems

Treatment of nocturnal enuresis (bed wetting)

Question 19

_ Antagonists

Used to treat hyponatremia
(Low Na+ concentration in the blood)
Very, Very complex. Perhaps
counter-intuitive
Limit water retention (Yea, Na+ less
dilute).
But what about diminishing
increased Na+ retention by
vasopressin???

Answer 19

Vasopressin

Used to treat low sodium in the blood
Limit water retention
Making Na more concentrated in blood
Also diminished increased sodium retention by vasopressin

Question 20

_ hormone

Works through G protein coupled receptor (Gαq)

Induces contraction of uterine smooth muscle (Receptor
numbers go up during second half of pregnancy)

Elicits milk ejection in lactating women

Answer 20

oxytocin

AKA the love hormone because of its role in sexual arousal

Question 21

Oxytocin Physiology
_ dose: increase frequency and force of contractions

_ dose: sustained contractions

Answer 21

Lower dose: increase frequency and force of contractions

Higher dose: sustained contractions

Question 22

Oxytocin therapeutics
_: If early vaginal delivery required or labor problems
Atosiban: antagonist (of both vasopressin and oxytocin). Used
to halt premature labor.

Answer 22

Induce labor

Question 23

Increasing metabolism and burning ATP and producing heat

Hyper - too hot

Hypo - cold

Answer 23

thyroid hormone

calorogenic effect - influences tolerance to cold, availability of ATP

increase glc metabolism
increase lipid metabolism

Question 24

_ deficiency is worlds’ leading cause of goiter
Thyroid gets bigger to try to make more

Tx not usually necessary - often no symptoms

Answer 24

Iodine deficiency is the world’s leading cause of goiter - but this is
rare in North America

usually by autoimmune disease in developed countries

Question 25

what is a goiter

Answer 25

Enlargement of the Thyroid Gland

Question 26

T3 or T4

dominant in plasma ?
more active?

Answer 26

T4 in plasma

T3 more active

Question 27

hyper/hypo thyroidism?

hair thinning, big tongue, dry skin, cold skin, cold intolerance, slow reflexes,

Answer 27

hypothyroidism

not enough thyroid hormone

Question 28

hyper/hypo thyroidism?

intolerance to heat, fine straight hair, bulging eyes, facial flushing, enlarged thyroid, tachycardia, giner clubbing, muscle wasting, weight loss

Answer 28

hyperthyroidism

too much

Question 29

Treatment of Hyperthyroidism

_ – Block hormone synthesis

_ – Block I- transport into thyroid

high concentrations of _ inhibit
transport and inhibit hormone biosynthesis)

Answer 29

Thioamides - block hormone synthesis

Anion inhibitors - block iodide transport into thyroid - NIS transporter Na/I symporter) allows thyroid to accumulate
iodide

Iodide - high concentrations inhibit synthesis

Question 30

treatment of hyperthyroidism

_ prevent hormone synthesis by inhibiting the thyroid peroxidase-catalyzed rxns and blocking iodine organification

block coupling of the iodotyrosines

since synthesis of hormones is affected, their effect requires 4 weeks

Answer 30

thioamides