3.3 Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What elements are carbohydrates made of?

A

C, H, O

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2
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A molecule made up of many similar smaller molecules (monomers) bonded together

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3
Q

What is the name of the monomers that make up carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

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4
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

A single sugar molecule

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5
Q

Give 3 examples of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, fructose, ribose

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6
Q

What is formed when two monosaccharides are linked?

A

Disaccharide

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7
Q

Give 3 examples of disaccharides

A

Lactose, sucrose, maltose

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8
Q

What is formed when 3 or more monosaccharides are linked together?

A

Polysaccharide

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9
Q

Give 3 examples of polysaccharides.

A

Glycogen, cellulose and starch

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10
Q

What is the formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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11
Q

What type of monosaccharide is glucose? Why is this the case?

A

Hexose monosaccharide - glucose has 6 carbons

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12
Q

What are the properties of glucose?

A

Polar, soluble

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13
Q

How does the structure of glucose relate to its function?

A

Due to the solubility of glucose, it dissolves in the cell’s cytoplasm so can easily be transported

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14
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

A reaction between 2 molecules resulting in the formation of a larger molecule and the release of a water molecule.

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15
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Breakdown of a molecule into 2 smaller molecules requiring the addition of a water molecule.

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16
Q

What is the name of the bond between glucose molecules?

A

Glycosidic bond

17
Q

What happens when two alpha glucose molecules are next to each other?

A
  • The 2 OH/hydroxyl groups react
  • 2H atoms + 1O atoms are removed from the 2 glucose monomers and join to form a water molecule
  • 1,4 glycosidic bond forms between the 2 monomers, forming disaccharide maltose
18
Q

What does “1,4 glycosidic bond” mean?

A

There is a glycosidic bond between Carbon 1 of one glucose monomer and Carbon 4 of another glucose monomer

19
Q

What molecule do you get when glucose and fructose are combined?

A

Sucrose

20
Q

What molecule do you get when glucose and galactose are combined?

A

Lactose

21
Q

What is a pentose monosaccharide?

A

A monosaccharide with 5 carbons

22
Q

What is formed when many alpha glucose molecules are joined by glycosidic bonds?

A

Starch

23
Q

How is starch formed?

A

When many alpha glucose molecules are joined by glycosidic bonds

24
Q

What are the 2 molecules which starch is composed of?

A

Amylose + amylopectin

25
Q

How is amylose formed?

A

When alpha glucose molecules are joined only by 1-4 glycosidic bonds

26
Q

How is the structure of amylose related to its properties?

A

The angle of the bonds forming amylose means the molecule twists to form a helix, stabilised by H bonds within.
This makes amylose more compact (good for storage) and less soluble than glucose.

27
Q

How is amylopectin formed?

A

Formed by 1-4 glycosidic bonds between alpha gluc mlcs but also some 1-6 glycosidic bonds between alpha gluc mlcs formed by condensation reactions

28
Q

How does the structure of amylopectin relate to its

A

..

29
Q

What are the 2 key structural differences between amylose and amylopectin?

A

Amylose is unbranched, amylopectin is branched