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Biology NCEA level 3 > 3.3 Animal behaviour and plant responses > Flashcards

3.3 Animal behaviour and plant responses Flashcards

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1
Q

Innate behaviour

A

Behaviour that is genetically inherited

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2
Q

Learned behaviour

A

Behaviours that are learned from other members of the species

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3
Q

Phytohormones

A

Plants hormones that control the plant’s reactions and functions

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4
Q

Tropism

A

A directional growth response exhibited by plants, towards/ away from a stimulus

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5
Q

Nastic response

A

A fast, reversible response to diffuse a stimuli, exhibited in plants

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6
Q

Taxic response

A

Movement of an organism in response to a directional stimulus, exhibited in animals

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7
Q

kinesis response

A

The random movement of organisms in response (i.e. to diffuse) and non-directional stimulus, exhibited in animals

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8
Q

orthokinesis

A

kineses response in which the intensity of the stimulus determines the speed of turning

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9
Q

klinokinesis

A

kinesis response in which the intensity of the response determines the rate of turning

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10
Q

migration

A

an (annual) mass movement of organisms from one geographical area to another

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11
Q

anadromous

A

animals that move up a river to spawn

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12
Q

catadromous

A

animals that move down a river to spawn

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13
Q

homing

A

the ability of an individual to return to the home site (over unfamiliar territory), generally over small distances

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14
Q

solar navigation

A

using the position of the sun to determine the direction of navigation

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15
Q

magnetic navigation

A

using the magnetic field lines that surround the earth to determine the direction of navigation

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16
Q

landmarks

A

physical locations that animals use to orientate themselves/ guide their journey

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17
Q

stellar navigation

A

using the position of the stars to determine the direction of travel

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18
Q

polarized light

A

patterns of polarized light in the sky are fixed, relative to the sun

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19
Q

smell (chemo navigation)

A

scent (trails) of land/water currents released by animal or soil type

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20
Q

smell (chemo navigation)

A

scent (trails) of land/water currents released by animal or soil type

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21
Q

Biological clock

A

an internal timing mechanism that continues in the absence of environmental cues. It allows an organism to synchronize its behaviour to a geophysical (env.) cycle- i.e. to predict and prepare.

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22
Q

biological rhythm

A

regularly repeated patterns of activity observed in an organism, which can be controlled endogenously or exogenously

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23
Q

circa tidal

A

tidal- endogenously controlled biological rhythm with a period of approx. 12.4 hours

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24
Q

circadian

A

daily- endogenously controlled biological rhythm with a period of approx. 24 hours

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25
Q

circa lunar

A

lunar- endogenously controlled biological rhythm with a period of approx. 29.5 days

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26
Q

circa annual

A

annual- endogenously controlled biological rhythm with a period of approx. one year

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27
Q

exogenous

A

externally driven biological rhythm- uses external (env. ) cues, and no internal biological clock

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28
Q

endogenous

A

internally driven biological rhythm, which involves the use of an internal biological clock

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29
Q

period

A

the length of a cycle (either environmental or organisms’ activity)

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30
Q

zeitgeber

A

environmental stimulus/ cue that resets the biological clock/ entrains the biological rhythm to the env.

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31
Q

supra-chiasmatic nuclei (SCN)

A

a group of cells in the hypothalamus that act as a circadian clock in mammals.

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32
Q

actogram

A

a record of an organism’s activity pattern

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33
Q

phase shift

A

when the the onset of the activity rhythm has shifted, to synchronise with the environment. Occurs during entrainment

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34
Q

entrainment

A

using zeitgebers to continually adjust the internal clock, so that it is in phase with the environmental cycle (i.e. resetting the biological clock)

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35
Q

free-running period

A

an organism’s (endogenous) period of activity in the absence of zeitgebers.

36
Q

arrhythmic

A

the breakdown of the endogenously-controlled biological rhythm, after it has been free-running for a long period of time

37
Q

diurnal

A

a daily rhythm where the organism is active during the daylight hours

38
Q

nocturnal

A

a daily rhythm where the organism is active during the night

39
Q

crepuscular

A

a daily rhythm where the organism is active during dawn/ dusk

40
Q

hibernation

A

annual rhythm where animals avoid harsh winter conditions by reducing their metabolism (and heart rate)

41
Q

aesteviation

A

annual rhythm where animals avoid harsh summer conditions

42
Q

diapause

A

the suspended development of insects

43
Q

dormancy

A

when seeds are in arrested development (i.e. growth is paused) until conditions are suitable for germination

44
Q

vernalisation

A

the exposure of growth stage in plants to cold before flowering can occur

45
Q

photoperiodism

A

the length of light and dark periods, measured by animals and plants to respond (alter their behaviours) accordingly

46
Q

phytochrome

A

a pigment in plants that converts between two types (i.e. R-665 and FR-725). The rate of conversion acts as a biological clock in plants to measure the length of day/night

47
Q

critical day length (CDL)

A

the minimum no. hours of darkness a plant must be exposed to, in order to trigger flowering

48
Q

ephemerals

A

short-lived plants that complete their life cycle quickly, while conditions are suitable

49
Q

ephemerals

A

short-lived plants that complete their life cycle quickly, while conditions are suitable

50
Q

oviparous

A

egg laying organisms

51
Q

viviparous

A

organisms that birthe live young

52
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

when males and females of the same species look different

53
Q

pheremone

A

a chemical produced by an organism to attract a mate

54
Q

courtship

A

ritualised behaviours to attract a mate

55
Q

monogamy

A

a mating system where there is a single male and female pair

56
Q

polygyny

A

a mating system in which one male has many female partners/ mates

57
Q

polyandry

A

a mating system in which one females has many male partners/ mates

58
Q

polygynandry

A

a mating system in which there are multiple male and female pairings

59
Q

lek breeding

A

where a male has a breeding territory, and uses it to attract mates

60
Q

parental care

A

behaviour that allows cooperation between opposite sexes for the raising and rearing of their offspring

61
Q

pair bond

A

a stable relationship between animals of the opposite sex, that ensures cooperative behaviour in mating and the rearing of offspring

62
Q

pair bond

A

a stable relationship between animals of the opposite sex, that ensures cooperative behaviour in mating and the rearing of offspring

63
Q

altricial young

A

offspring that are born blind/ helpless and require significant parental care/ energy

64
Q

precocial young

A

offspring that are born in an advanced state

65
Q

cooperative behaviour

A

(organisms) working together (e.g. to help raise offspring)

66
Q

kin selection

A

where closely related individuals assist with the rearing of young, even those who don’t breed will have some of their genetic info passed on to the next generation

67
Q

kin selection

A

where closely related individuals assist with the rearing of young, even those who don’t breed will have some of their genetic info passed on to the next generation

68
Q

intra-specific relationship

A

a relationship between member of the same species

69
Q

inter-specific relationship

A

a relationship between members of different species

70
Q

agonistic behaviours

A

behaviours to do with conflict/ aggression

71
Q

territory

A

an area that is defended against others (of the same species)

72
Q

home range

A

a larger area that an organism can be found in, but it doesn’t defend. Contains the territory and resources

73
Q

hierarchy

A

a rank order/ ordered sequence of individuals of the same species, according to dominance

74
Q

ritualised behaviours

A

behaviours that are easily recognised by members of the same species

75
Q

allelopathy

A

the process of plants producing chemicals that inhibit the growth of other (surrounding) plants

76
Q

antibiosis

A

the process of fungi producing antibiotics that inhibit bacteria growth

77
Q

competition

A

a relationship between two species/ organisms where both are disadvantaged

78
Q

commensalism

A

an interspecific relationship where one species is advantaged and the other is unaffected

79
Q

exploitation

A

an interspecific relationship where one species is advantaged and the other is disadvantaged

80
Q

mimicry

A

an interspecific relationship where one species mimics the colour and pattern of another species

81
Q

batesian mimicry

A

a form of mimicry, where a palatable organism mimics. resembles an unpalatable species

82
Q

mullerian mimicry

A

a form of mimicry, where several unpalatable species resemble each other

83
Q

mutualism

A

an interspecific relationship where both species benefit

84
Q

obligatory mutualism

A

a form of mutualism where neither species can survive without the other (they rely on each other)

85
Q

facultative mimicry

A

a form of mimicry where both species benefit, but can survive without the other (as another species can fill the role)

Biology NCEA level 3 (2 decks)

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