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Biology NCEA level 3 > 3.3 Animal behaviour and plant responses > Flashcards

3.3 Animal behaviour and plant responses Flashcards

1
Q

Innate behaviour

A

Behaviour that is genetically inherited

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2
Q

Learned behaviour

A

Behaviours that are learned from other members of the species

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3
Q

Phytohormones

A

Plants hormones that control the plant’s reactions and functions

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4
Q

Tropism

A

A directional growth response exhibited by plants, towards/ away from a stimulus

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5
Q

Nastic response

A

A fast, reversible response to diffuse a stimuli, exhibited in plants

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6
Q

Taxic response

A

Movement of an organism in response to a directional stimulus, exhibited in animals

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7
Q

kinesis response

A

The random movement of organisms in response (i.e. to diffuse) and non-directional stimulus, exhibited in animals

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8
Q

orthokinesis

A

kineses response in which the intensity of the stimulus determines the speed of turning

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9
Q

klinokinesis

A

kinesis response in which the intensity of the response determines the rate of turning

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10
Q

migration

A

an (annual) mass movement of organisms from one geographical area to another

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11
Q

anadromous

A

animals that move up a river to spawn

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12
Q

catadromous

A

animals that move down a river to spawn

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13
Q

homing

A

the ability of an individual to return to the home site (over unfamiliar territory), generally over small distances

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14
Q

solar navigation

A

using the position of the sun to determine the direction of navigation

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15
Q

magnetic navigation

A

using the magnetic field lines that surround the earth to determine the direction of navigation

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16
Q

landmarks

A

physical locations that animals use to orientate themselves/ guide their journey

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17
Q

stellar navigation

A

using the position of the stars to determine the direction of travel

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18
Q

polarized light

A

patterns of polarized light in the sky are fixed, relative to the sun

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19
Q

smell (chemo navigation)

A

scent (trails) of land/water currents released by animal or soil type

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20
Q

smell (chemo navigation)

A

scent (trails) of land/water currents released by animal or soil type

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21
Q

Biological clock

A

an internal timing mechanism that continues in the absence of environmental cues. It allows an organism to synchronize its behaviour to a geophysical (env.) cycle- i.e. to predict and prepare.

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22
Q

biological rhythm

A

regularly repeated patterns of activity observed in an organism, which can be controlled endogenously or exogenously

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23
Q

circa tidal

A

tidal- endogenously controlled biological rhythm with a period of approx. 12.4 hours

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24
Q

circadian

A

daily- endogenously controlled biological rhythm with a period of approx. 24 hours

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25
circa lunar
lunar- endogenously controlled biological rhythm with a period of approx. 29.5 days
26
circa annual
annual- endogenously controlled biological rhythm with a period of approx. one year
27
exogenous
externally driven biological rhythm- uses external (env. ) cues, and no internal biological clock
28
endogenous
internally driven biological rhythm, which involves the use of an internal biological clock
29
period
the length of a cycle (either environmental or organisms' activity)
30
zeitgeber
environmental stimulus/ cue that resets the biological clock/ entrains the biological rhythm to the env.
31
supra-chiasmatic nuclei (SCN)
a group of cells in the hypothalamus that act as a circadian clock in mammals.
32
actogram
a record of an organism's activity pattern
33
phase shift
when the the onset of the activity rhythm has shifted, to synchronise with the environment. Occurs during entrainment
34
entrainment
using zeitgebers to continually adjust the internal clock, so that it is in phase with the environmental cycle (i.e. resetting the biological clock)
35
free-running period
an organism's (endogenous) period of activity in the absence of zeitgebers.
36
arrhythmic
the breakdown of the endogenously-controlled biological rhythm, after it has been free-running for a long period of time
37
diurnal
a daily rhythm where the organism is active during the daylight hours
38
nocturnal
a daily rhythm where the organism is active during the night
39
crepuscular
a daily rhythm where the organism is active during dawn/ dusk
40
hibernation
annual rhythm where animals avoid harsh winter conditions by reducing their metabolism (and heart rate)
41
aesteviation
annual rhythm where animals avoid harsh summer conditions
42
diapause
the suspended development of insects
43
dormancy
when seeds are in arrested development (i.e. growth is paused) until conditions are suitable for germination
44
vernalisation
the exposure of growth stage in plants to cold before flowering can occur
45
photoperiodism
the length of light and dark periods, measured by animals and plants to respond (alter their behaviours) accordingly
46
phytochrome
a pigment in plants that converts between two types (i.e. R-665 and FR-725). The rate of conversion acts as a biological clock in plants to measure the length of day/night
47
critical day length (CDL)
the minimum no. hours of darkness a plant must be exposed to, in order to trigger flowering
48
ephemerals
short-lived plants that complete their life cycle quickly, while conditions are suitable
49
ephemerals
short-lived plants that complete their life cycle quickly, while conditions are suitable
50
oviparous
egg laying organisms
51
viviparous
organisms that birthe live young
52
sexual dimorphism
when males and females of the same species look different
53
pheremone
a chemical produced by an organism to attract a mate
54
courtship
ritualised behaviours to attract a mate
55
monogamy
a mating system where there is a single male and female pair
56
polygyny
a mating system in which one male has many female partners/ mates
57
polyandry
a mating system in which one females has many male partners/ mates
58
polygynandry
a mating system in which there are multiple male and female pairings
59
lek breeding
where a male has a breeding territory, and uses it to attract mates
60
parental care
behaviour that allows cooperation between opposite sexes for the raising and rearing of their offspring
61
pair bond
a stable relationship between animals of the opposite sex, that ensures cooperative behaviour in mating and the rearing of offspring
62
pair bond
a stable relationship between animals of the opposite sex, that ensures cooperative behaviour in mating and the rearing of offspring
63
altricial young
offspring that are born blind/ helpless and require significant parental care/ energy
64
precocial young
offspring that are born in an advanced state
65
cooperative behaviour
(organisms) working together (e.g. to help raise offspring)
66
kin selection
where closely related individuals assist with the rearing of young, even those who don't breed will have some of their genetic info passed on to the next generation
67
kin selection
where closely related individuals assist with the rearing of young, even those who don't breed will have some of their genetic info passed on to the next generation
68
intra-specific relationship
a relationship between member of the same species
69
inter-specific relationship
a relationship between members of different species
70
agonistic behaviours
behaviours to do with conflict/ aggression
71
territory
an area that is defended against others (of the same species)
72
home range
a larger area that an organism can be found in, but it doesn't defend. Contains the territory and resources
73
hierarchy
a rank order/ ordered sequence of individuals of the same species, according to dominance
74
ritualised behaviours
behaviours that are easily recognised by members of the same species
75
allelopathy
the process of plants producing chemicals that inhibit the growth of other (surrounding) plants
76
antibiosis
the process of fungi producing antibiotics that inhibit bacteria growth
77
competition
a relationship between two species/ organisms where both are disadvantaged
78
commensalism
an interspecific relationship where one species is advantaged and the other is unaffected
79
exploitation
an interspecific relationship where one species is advantaged and the other is disadvantaged
80
mimicry
an interspecific relationship where one species mimics the colour and pattern of another species
81
batesian mimicry
a form of mimicry, where a palatable organism mimics. resembles an unpalatable species
82
mullerian mimicry
a form of mimicry, where several unpalatable species resemble each other
83
mutualism
an interspecific relationship where both species benefit
84
obligatory mutualism
a form of mutualism where neither species can survive without the other (they rely on each other)
85
facultative mimicry
a form of mimicry where both species benefit, but can survive without the other (as another species can fill the role)

Biology NCEA level 3 (2 decks)

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