3.2.4.3 case studies only

Question 1

Glasgow effect: what? state figures and explain why

Answer 1

health inequality gap between residents living in the inner city of Glasgow compared to the suburbs of central glasgpw

Inner city life expectancy = 17 years lower than the residents in the suburbs - and this is only over a distance of 5 miles apart!!!

caused by poverty - deindustrialisation (due to global shift) = structural unemployment - turn to alcohol, poor diet, drugs (have a 7x risk of CHD than suburbs)

30% unemployed and 25% housing = overcrowded
poor education and poverty = GENERATIONAL cycle of poverty

Question 2

Haiti cholera - caused?

Answer 2

proximate cause - earthquake 2010
ultimate cause - sewage from UN peacemakers into the Arbitonite river, deployed to help with the effects of the earthquake

Question 3

how did the earthquake affect the spread of cholera in haiti?

Answer 3

outbreak of cholera 10 months after 2010 earthquake (originated from UN peacemakers)

earthquake destroyed 280,000 buildings —————–so overcrowding in temp accommodation = increased spread

likewise spread made worse by hurricane sandy and hurricane Tomas = spread infected water (flooding of latrines)

Question 4

how did poverty affect spread of cholera?

Answer 4

• reliance on Arbitonite river for food, transport, sewage (used by tens of thousands - lack of water security) - BUT IT WAS INFECTED
• only 40% haiti population had access to healthcare - very vulnerable population as lack of sanitation prior to outbreak (20% openly defecate)
• 80% live below poverty line
• 80% no access to latrines
• very low hdi score (ranked 170 out of 189 countries)

Question 5

how could a lack of poverty prevented/reduced spread of cholera?

Answer 5

every 1 dollar invested in water and sanitation = 8 dollar output productivity = reduces poverty!!

Question 6

haiti cholera cases + deaths + costs?

Answer 6

700,000 cases
8000+ deaths

2 billion dollars t o eradicate

Question 7

Climate affecting health: link to disease?

Answer 7

• link to malaria case study

- link to haiti in cholera : (hurricane tomas and sandy) - increases intensity of TS

Question 8

climate affecting health continued……..

Answer 8

SAD in oslo norway = 14% due to reduced sunlight exposure
UV radiation in Australia = 2 in 3 skin cancer before age of 70
causes 2000 deaths each year
cost gov, $500 million in 2010

10% ozone depletion = 2 million cataract cases each year BUT Montreal protocol = reducing ozone depletion (reduced use of CFC)

Question 9

European heatwave in 2003 = how many deaths? in france?

Answer 9

thermal stress example
70,000 in Europe
15,000 in France

only in two weeks!

Question 10

climate change expected to cause an additional _______ deaths between 2030 and 2050?

Answer 10

250,000+

Question 11

topography affecting health: diseases

Answer 11

• link to malaria (ethiopia = malaria in low lying but none at higher altitudes e.g. addis ababa - one of highest capital cities in world)

1931 floods in Yangtze river valley = low lying (susceptible to flooding)
floods caused deaths of 2 million people (150,000 drowned, rest = lack of food)
subsequent year = CHOLERA EPIDEMIC = 32000 deaths :(
cholera spread v. easily due to topography as flat, low lying and fertile valley = good for agriculture so was highly populated = increased spread

Question 12

topography linked to health: mountainous areas?

Answer 12

earthquake in 2015 nepal = AVALANCHE on mountain = 22 deaths, 120 injured

non-communicable = HAPE, altitude sickness

Question 13

air pollution linked to health: ambient vs indoor deaths?

Answer 13

worldwide, 1 in 5 deaths attributed to air pollution
3.6 million premature deaths = anthropogenic caused - burning of fossil fuels

every year, premature deaths: 4 million due to ambient/outdoor air pollution, 3.8 million = indoor/household air pollution

Question 14

air pollution deaths…

Answer 14

80% of these deaths = heart disease + stroke
14% = respiratory infections
6% = lung cancer

88% of AMBIENT/OUTDOOR air pollution deaths = in NEES - transboundary, emissions industry

household air pollution - more common in LICs esp. sub Saharan Africa due to lower housing quality and poor cooking fuel (coal, crop waste)

Question 15

water quality: diseases? deaths?

Answer 15

link to malaria (breed stagnant)
cholera - water borne disease (haiti + china floods 1931)

water-borne = leads to diarrhoeal diseases = second leading cause of death in children under 5 globally.

Question 16

nearly ____________ do not have access to clean water

why is this an issue?

Answer 16

1 bn

contaminated water = poor sanitation, hygiene, drinking, industrial purposes, (70% water abstracted used for irrigation NOT sanitation/drinking)
spreads diseases

Question 17

mdg 7C for water pollution: effects?

sdg 6

Answer 17

mdg 7c - 2.6 bn access to improved drinking but 950mn openly defecate

sdg 6 water + sanitation - now 673 mn openly defecate

issue: one g faeces = millions of viruses and bacteria

Question 18

MALARIA CASE STUDY: deaths? kills _____________ every year: of which __________ are in X

effect on X economy?

Answer 18

kills one to two million people every year: of which 92% are in Africa

loss of £160 bn productivity over 35 years (less able to work, miss education etc = poorer ,+ feedback, generational poverty cycles - cant afford treatment)

Question 19

highest % deaths due to malaria is where? why might that be?

Answer 19

nigeria = 23% deaths

high agricultural earnings contributing to 22% GDP = more outdoor jobs

Question 20

demographics of those dying from malaria? why? what might this mean with climate change?

Answer 20

70% = children under 5 due to lack of immunity :(

SO DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE - when malaria shifts to higher lats - likely to have a drastic effect due to lack of immunity and preventative measures

Question 21

ethiopia case study malaria: spatial and temporal variance

Answer 21

70% ethiopians at risk of malaria

varies seasonally (with the monsoon) and geographically - western lowland = HIGHEST prevalence due to the flat, low lying land yet central ethiopia = NO MALARIA due to higher altitudes = cooler climates (e.g. addis ababa)

Question 22

why the high prevalence in ethiopia?

Answer 22

as 72% employed in agricultural sector: with optimal agricultural conditions in the western lowlands - also optimal conditions for malaria!!!!!

Question 23

ethiopia economic characteristics:

Answer 23

immense poverty: 31% pop live off less than $1.25 a day - so cannot afford basics never mind treatment/protection from malaria

40% ethiopians health budget = on malaria = an issue - preventing development

Question 24

what has been done about malaria in ethiopia?

Answer 24

mdg 6: deaths from malaria dramatically decreased from 2000-2015

BUT after 2015 global malaria response levelled off - so in 2018 the WHO launched a ‘high burden high impact’ scheme = targeted approach to reduce malaria in countries with high prevalence