3.2.4.3 case studies only Flashcards
Glasgow effect: what? state figures and explain why
health inequality gap between residents living in the inner city of Glasgow compared to the suburbs of central glasgpw
Inner city life expectancy = 17 years lower than the residents in the suburbs - and this is only over a distance of 5 miles apart!!!
caused by poverty - deindustrialisation (due to global shift) = structural unemployment - turn to alcohol, poor diet, drugs (have a 7x risk of CHD than suburbs)
30% unemployed and 25% housing = overcrowded
poor education and poverty = GENERATIONAL cycle of poverty
Haiti cholera - caused?
proximate cause - earthquake 2010
ultimate cause - sewage from UN peacemakers into the Arbitonite river, deployed to help with the effects of the earthquake
how did the earthquake affect the spread of cholera in haiti?
outbreak of cholera 10 months after 2010 earthquake (originated from UN peacemakers)
earthquake destroyed 280,000 buildings —————–so overcrowding in temp accommodation = increased spread
likewise spread made worse by hurricane sandy and hurricane Tomas = spread infected water (flooding of latrines)
how did poverty affect spread of cholera?
- reliance on Arbitonite river for food, transport, sewage (used by tens of thousands - lack of water security) - BUT IT WAS INFECTED
- only 40% haiti population had access to healthcare - very vulnerable population as lack of sanitation prior to outbreak (20% openly defecate)
- 80% live below poverty line
- 80% no access to latrines
- very low hdi score (ranked 170 out of 189 countries)
how could a lack of poverty prevented/reduced spread of cholera?
every 1 dollar invested in water and sanitation = 8 dollar output productivity = reduces poverty!!
haiti cholera cases + deaths + costs?
700,000 cases
8000+ deaths
2 billion dollars t o eradicate
Climate affecting health: link to disease?
- link to malaria case study
- link to haiti in cholera : (hurricane tomas and sandy) - increases intensity of TS
climate affecting health continued……..
SAD in oslo norway = 14% due to reduced sunlight exposure
UV radiation in Australia = 2 in 3 skin cancer before age of 70
causes 2000 deaths each year
cost gov, $500 million in 2010
10% ozone depletion = 2 million cataract cases each year BUT Montreal protocol = reducing ozone depletion (reduced use of CFC)
European heatwave in 2003 = how many deaths? in france?
thermal stress example
70,000 in Europe
15,000 in France
only in two weeks!
climate change expected to cause an additional _______ deaths between 2030 and 2050?
250,000+
topography affecting health: diseases
- link to malaria (ethiopia = malaria in low lying but none at higher altitudes e.g. addis ababa - one of highest capital cities in world)
1931 floods in Yangtze river valley = low lying (susceptible to flooding)
floods caused deaths of 2 million people (150,000 drowned, rest = lack of food)
subsequent year = CHOLERA EPIDEMIC = 32000 deaths :(
cholera spread v. easily due to topography as flat, low lying and fertile valley = good for agriculture so was highly populated = increased spread
topography linked to health: mountainous areas?
earthquake in 2015 nepal = AVALANCHE on mountain = 22 deaths, 120 injured
non-communicable = HAPE, altitude sickness
air pollution linked to health: ambient vs indoor deaths?
worldwide, 1 in 5 deaths attributed to air pollution
3.6 million premature deaths = anthropogenic caused - burning of fossil fuels
every year, premature deaths: 4 million due to ambient/outdoor air pollution, 3.8 million = indoor/household air pollution
air pollution deaths…
80% of these deaths = heart disease + stroke
14% = respiratory infections
6% = lung cancer
88% of AMBIENT/OUTDOOR air pollution deaths = in NEES - transboundary, emissions industry
household air pollution - more common in LICs esp. sub Saharan Africa due to lower housing quality and poor cooking fuel (coal, crop waste)
water quality: diseases? deaths?
link to malaria (breed stagnant)
cholera - water borne disease (haiti + china floods 1931)
water-borne = leads to diarrhoeal diseases = second leading cause of death in children under 5 globally.
nearly ____________ do not have access to clean water
why is this an issue?
1 bn
contaminated water = poor sanitation, hygiene, drinking, industrial purposes, (70% water abstracted used for irrigation NOT sanitation/drinking)
spreads diseases
mdg 7C for water pollution: effects?
sdg 6
mdg 7c - 2.6 bn access to improved drinking but 950mn openly defecate
sdg 6 water + sanitation - now 673 mn openly defecate
issue: one g faeces = millions of viruses and bacteria
MALARIA CASE STUDY: deaths? kills _____________ every year: of which __________ are in X
effect on X economy?
kills one to two million people every year: of which 92% are in Africa
loss of £160 bn productivity over 35 years (less able to work, miss education etc = poorer ,+ feedback, generational poverty cycles - cant afford treatment)
highest % deaths due to malaria is where? why might that be?
nigeria = 23% deaths
high agricultural earnings contributing to 22% GDP = more outdoor jobs
demographics of those dying from malaria? why? what might this mean with climate change?
70% = children under 5 due to lack of immunity :(
SO DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE - when malaria shifts to higher lats - likely to have a drastic effect due to lack of immunity and preventative measures
ethiopia case study malaria: spatial and temporal variance
70% ethiopians at risk of malaria
varies seasonally (with the monsoon) and geographically - western lowland = HIGHEST prevalence due to the flat, low lying land yet central ethiopia = NO MALARIA due to higher altitudes = cooler climates (e.g. addis ababa)
why the high prevalence in ethiopia?
as 72% employed in agricultural sector: with optimal agricultural conditions in the western lowlands - also optimal conditions for malaria!!!!!
ethiopia economic characteristics:
immense poverty: 31% pop live off less than $1.25 a day - so cannot afford basics never mind treatment/protection from malaria
40% ethiopians health budget = on malaria = an issue - preventing development
what has been done about malaria in ethiopia?
mdg 6: deaths from malaria dramatically decreased from 2000-2015
BUT after 2015 global malaria response levelled off - so in 2018 the WHO launched a ‘high burden high impact’ scheme = targeted approach to reduce malaria in countries with high prevalence
