3.2.3.1- Urbanisation Flashcards

Question

Negative effects of deindustrialisation

Answer 1

positive feedback cycle of deprivation: people move out as loose jobs -> empty houses boarded up -> poorer residents move in -> less community cohesion, environment deteriorates -> vandalism, crime drugs -> reputation or area declines so lack of investment -> poor services as less income for council -> people leave ect.

Answer 2

people move out as loose jobs -> empty houses boarded up -> poorer residents move in -> less community cohesion, environment deteriorates -> vandalism, crime drugs -> reputation or area declines so lack of investment -> poor services as less income for council -> people leave ect.

Answer 3

Social- fewer people working in dangerous or unhealthy conditions. improved working opportunities for women in tertiary work Economic- more people earning high salaries tertiary industries Environmental- fewer polluting industries and lower carbon emissions

Answer 4

Social- loss of sense of place for communities built around factories and mines social problems from cycle of deprivation- crime rates increase, less shops and services Economic- loss of industry long term unemployment of older factory workers or miners Environmental- carbon emissions have been offshore not reduced as imports and mechanisation brownfield sites, dereliction, pollution from chemicals

Answer 5

the fall in the relative importance of manufacturing that occurs sooner than expected in emerging economies based on previous countries

Answer 6

the fall in the relative importance of manufacturing that occurs sooner than expected in emerging economies based on previous countries (after just decades of first factories)

Answer 7

shorter gap between industrial take off and peak industrialisation after just decades means income due to industrialisation has been lower fewer jobs created -doesn't make use of demographic dividend. not good as violence in Middle East stems from youth unemployment if populations can be well educated then they can skip the factory employment and work in the tertiary sector

Answer 8

mechanisation- AI and robotics | EG. sewbots in Bangladesh for sewing

Answer 9

PRIMARY- Decreased in industrial period as mechanisation occurred. work went to china as strength of pound increased. SECONDARY- increased in pre-industrial as rebuilt after war. peaked in industrial period because the invention of machinery started factories and people built ships and worked in steel making and textiles. People demanded these products. decreased in post industrial because foreign industries became competitive and imports more affordable in NEE's. manufacturing was 25% of jobs in 1970's Uk but now only 8%. TERTIARY- increased in industrial and peaked in post industrial because people needed to sell the manufactured products. demand for work increased in schools, hospitals and retail. Rural urban migration for better jobs. greater demand as QOL increases, and more women working. QUATERNARY- relatively new concept as technology has only been developed recently.

Answer 10

Environmental: pollution from old factories, vandalism, lack fo green space Economic: unemployment, poverty, low income, lack of space for new industries and poor access Social problems: crime, falling birth rates, high concentration of ethnic groups and concentrations of very young and old Attract young professionals who desire to be near work, close to leisure and entertainment with a lively atmosphere of cities without city problems

Answer 11

URBAN DEVELOPMENT CORPORATIONS: property lead initiatives set up in 1980's where local businesses were encouraged to invest in derelict land and then less to private businesses. A- attracts new businesses and improves environment . by 1990's £12 billion private sector investment and 190,000 jobs D-locals didn't get much say, new housing and jobs didn't benefit them EG. London Docklands CITY CHALLENGE: 1990's competition led policy where best scheme won government grant. local leadership. A- better schemes were created. created 53,000 jobs and reclaimed 2,000 Ha of derelict land D- previously funded areas lost funding, money lost repairing bids, resources spread thinly EG. Manchester Derm valley partnership NEW DEAL FOR COMMUNITIES: 2000's involved 10yr programmes to transform the 39 most deprived neighbourhoods and improve QOL. A- improvement in 32/36 core indicators. urban design was dressed with an architect. managed by locals so specific needs met. D- bigger impact on places than people. little change in unemployment and education- main aims EG. New islington millennium village Future- devolution of power EG greater Manchester 2014

Answer 12

richer people buy property and do it up, improving environment and taxes, but pushing poorer locals out by increasing rent and property values. bigger chain stores move in due to increased rent. EG. Nine elms in Battersea- 20,000 new homes are developed on brownfield site. state led gentrification encouraged by local government. however most housing is sold to out of area, even If a fraction must be affordable, as developers want money.

Answer 13

Primary- produce raw materials for industry EG mining Secondary- manufacturing and assembly industries taking raw materials into finished products EG steel manufacturing Tertiary- service industries EG teachers Quaternary- research and development industries EG development of new computer components

Answer 14

increased foreign investment increased demand at home slow growth of manufacturing and construction 77% of Uk economy in 2015

Answer 15

by the devolution of power | greater Manchester in 2014 selected its own mayor

Answer 16

1. prevent urban sprawl 2. prevent neighboring towns and cities merging 3. preserve character of historic towns and cities 4. protect green open space 5. provide recreational areas close to population areas 6. to protect agricultural land 7. to assist in urban regeneration by forcing developers to build on brownfield sites

Answer 17

stop urban sprawl | stop unwanted development on rural urban fringe

Answer 18

developers forced onto more rural land beyond greenbelt encouraging counter urbanisation which causes more commuting, more roads, increased car use, traffic, congestion and pollution densely packed housing estates land prices increase and so do house prices

Answer 19

ECONOMIC: businesses choosing to locate in inner city (urban resurgence) when young are- marrying and children later, less likely to drive EG. google moved to kings cross industries like IT don't need central base as work from home economy of suburbs under pressure MANAGEMENT:green economy and medicine may be future industries HOUSING: more deprived areas that are older and more children, and more ethnically diverse complex needs and needs more resources MANAGEMENT: London mayor has plans to change housing policies to more affordable and more facilities to support growth TRANSPORT: inadequate public transport for off peak trips heavy traffic on key routes 2/3 of all journeys in outer London are made by car MANAGEMENT: investment into bus network crossrail reclassification of travel zones to make journeys cheaper EG Waterloo new bike storage and pedestrian access improved ENVIRONMENTAL: higher carbon emissions in suburbs due to car use energy inefficient homes MANAGEMENT: bike storage units to reduce pollution retrofitting schemes to improve energy efficiency and new builds are efficient

Answer 20

home to 60% of city's population | provide 1.9 million jobs generating 1/3 of Londons GDP

Answer 21

``` A- lower density housing can be made better environment as derelict land is removed and recreational land created D- loss of jobs in city and poverty derelict buildings deter investment decline of CBD ```

Answer 22

A- increased employment in offices and shops recreational facilities D- villages loose character, school places for locals increase house prices mean hard for young ppl to stay increased congestion and pollution from commuters greater polarisation between suburbs and inner city in terms of ethnicity, affluence, education, employment pressure on greenbelt

Answer 23

``` CBD Inner city inner suburbs outer suburbs R-U Fringe Greenbelt 1930's along roads 1940's further back from roads 1950's council estates 1970's private estates ```

Answer 24

first put into law in 1947 14 today around most major UK cities cover 15% of Uk land area owned by local authorities with strict restrictions on development

Answer 25

if regulations for environment keep green spaces and low carbon emissions services and housing need to grow quick to reduce poverty

Answer 26

Employment opportunities access to HC, education, transport services towns loose customers due to internet or large shopping centres new advances in technology allow buildings to be even taller politically urban areas are becoming more influential in national and international affairs natural increase and migration is a key component, with rural urban migration very fast in developing countries economic growth is helped by flow of migrant workers keeping wages low and maximising profits more bars, restaurants and pedestrianised areas and public transport also increase economic prosperity