3.2.3.1 Urbanisation Flashcards
Global patterns of urbanisation since 1945
- in 2010, 50% of the population lived in urban areas
- this is set to increase to 70% in 2050
- NEEs have an increasing rate of urbanisation as they industrialise
- North America, Europe and Oceania have seen decreased rates
Counter-urbanisation
- the movement of people out of city areas into rural
- to achieve the ‘rural idyll’
Suburbanisation
- where the city grows outwards
- can result in urban sprawl
Urban resurgence
- economic and social regeneration of an urban area
- results in the multiplier effect
Case studies for urban resurgence
Bullring: 150+ stores, flagship design
New York High Line
Causes of urban growth
- rural to urban migration
- natural increase
Economic processes associated with urbanisation
- agglomeration of financial services :)
- growth in informal sector :(
Social processes associated with urbanisation
- better facilities :)
- shanty towns :(
Environmental processes associated with urbanisation
- no positives
- all issues such as water pollution, air pollution, loss of green spaces etc
Define deindustrialisation
- a loss of jobs in the manufacturing section
- 1980-2015 saw 60% less jobs in manufacturing
3 reasons for deindustrialisation
- mechanisation
- overseas competition
- less demand for tradition
Define decentralisation
- the movement of businesses out of CBD to retail parks
Impacts of deindustrialisation (social, environmental and economic)
- increase in crime rates
- underemployment
- forced to leave houses
- dereliction
- 60% of people in Glasgow are less than 500m away from a derelict site
- decrease in tax for local authorities
- loss of income
The emergence of megacities
- 1950 had 3 megacities
- 2024 has 33 official megacities (predominantly in Asia)
Reasons for the emergence of megacities (3)
- SEZs and ports
- capital cities
- colonial influences
Role of world cities
- headquarters of major TNCs
- place for global decision making
- impressive education facilities
- large ecological footprints
Urbanisation
- the increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas
Hulme city challenge, 1991 (before regeneration)
- 30x more likely to get stabbed
- 98% of houses were council owned
- made a pitch for approval (£37.5mn)
Hulme city challenge, 1991 (after regeneration positives)
- 2000 new houses built
- 50,000 jobs created
- ASDA
- leisure facilities created for the 2002 Commonwealth games
Hulme city challenge, 1991 (after regeneration negatives)
- crime remained
- poor place image
Docklands, 1981 (before regeneration)
- Urban development corporation (UDC) is where a group decides where needs regenerating
- <40% of 16 year olds pursued higher education
- 1000ha of derelict land
- 30,000 jobs lost due to deindustrialisation
Docklands, 1981 (after regeneration positives)
- 20,000 houses
- 63,000 jobs
- financial hub of the UK
Docklands, 1981 (after regeneration negatives)
- huge increase in house prices
- jobs went to externals
- forced out the dockers
Define gentrification
- spending money to improve the facilities of infrastructure
Positives and negatives of gentrification
- increase in tax
- increase in services
- increase in jobs
- no more corner shops
- kicks out locals
Alternatives to gentrification
- Liverpool’s £1 housing scheme
