3.2.3.1 Urbanisation

Question 1

Global patterns of urbanisation since 1945

Answer 1

• in 2010, 50% of the population lived in urban areas
• this is set to increase to 70% in 2050
• NEEs have an increasing rate of urbanisation as they industrialise
• North America, Europe and Oceania have seen decreased rates

Question 2

Counter-urbanisation

Answer 2

• the movement of people out of city areas into rural
• to achieve the ‘rural idyll’

Question 3

Suburbanisation

Answer 3

• where the city grows outwards
• can result in urban sprawl

Question 4

Urban resurgence

Answer 4

• economic and social regeneration of an urban area
• results in the multiplier effect

Question 5

Case studies for urban resurgence

Answer 5

Bullring: 150+ stores, flagship design
New York High Line

Question 6

Causes of urban growth

Answer 6

• rural to urban migration
• natural increase

Question 7

Economic processes associated with urbanisation

Answer 7

• agglomeration of financial services :)
• growth in informal sector :(

Question 8

Social processes associated with urbanisation

Answer 8

• better facilities :)
• shanty towns :(

Question 9

Environmental processes associated with urbanisation

Answer 9

• no positives
• all issues such as water pollution, air pollution, loss of green spaces etc

Question 10

Define deindustrialisation

Answer 10

• a loss of jobs in the manufacturing section
• 1980-2015 saw 60% less jobs in manufacturing

Question 11

3 reasons for deindustrialisation

Answer 11

• mechanisation
• overseas competition
• less demand for tradition

Question 12

Define decentralisation

Answer 12

• the movement of businesses out of CBD to retail parks

Question 13

Impacts of deindustrialisation (social, environmental and economic)

Answer 13

• increase in crime rates
• underemployment
• forced to leave houses
• dereliction
• 60% of people in Glasgow are less than 500m away from a derelict site
• decrease in tax for local authorities
• loss of income

Question 14

The emergence of megacities

Answer 14

• 1950 had 3 megacities
• 2024 has 33 official megacities (predominantly in Asia)

Question 15

Reasons for the emergence of megacities (3)

Answer 15

• SEZs and ports
• capital cities
• colonial influences

Question 16

Role of world cities

Answer 16

• headquarters of major TNCs
• place for global decision making
• impressive education facilities
• large ecological footprints

Question 17

Urbanisation

Answer 17

• the increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas

Question 18

Hulme city challenge, 1991 (before regeneration)

Answer 18

• 30x more likely to get stabbed
• 98% of houses were council owned
• made a pitch for approval (£37.5mn)

Question 19

Hulme city challenge, 1991 (after regeneration positives)

Answer 19

• 2000 new houses built
• 50,000 jobs created
• ASDA
• leisure facilities created for the 2002 Commonwealth games

Question 20

Hulme city challenge, 1991 (after regeneration negatives)

Answer 20

• crime remained
• poor place image

Question 21

Docklands, 1981 (before regeneration)

Answer 21

• Urban development corporation (UDC) is where a group decides where needs regenerating
• <40% of 16 year olds pursued higher education
• 1000ha of derelict land
• 30,000 jobs lost due to deindustrialisation

Question 22

Docklands, 1981 (after regeneration positives)

Answer 22

• 20,000 houses
• 63,000 jobs
• financial hub of the UK

Question 23

Docklands, 1981 (after regeneration negatives)

Answer 23

• huge increase in house prices
• jobs went to externals
• forced out the dockers

Question 24

Define gentrification

Answer 24

• spending money to improve the facilities of infrastructure

Question 25

Positives and negatives of gentrification

Answer 25

• increase in tax
• increase in services
• increase in jobs
• no more corner shops
• kicks out locals

Question 26

Alternatives to gentrification

Answer 26

• Liverpool’s £1 housing scheme