3.2.2- Case Study on an HIC- UK Flashcards
What is industrial structure?
Industrial structure refers to the percentage of employment in the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary sectors of the industry within an economy
What is economic activity?
An economic activity is the production, purchase or selling of goods and services
How has the UK’s economy changed over time?
The UK’s economy has changed over time and place and the most significant changes came during the industrial revolution between 1750-1900
The changes can be divided into 3 stages:
Pre-industrial stage: most people worked in the primary sector such as farming or mining
Industrial stage: more people moved into the secondary sector of manufacturing
Post-industrial stage: emphasis is on service based tertiary sector and quaternary sectors of research and ICT
What are the 3 main causes of economic change in the UK?
- De-industrialisation
- Globalisation
- Government policies
How has de-industrialisation led to economic change in the UK?
De-industrialisation saw the decline in the UKs traditional manufacturing industries and growth in the tertiary and quaternary sectors due to:
Global shift of manufacturing to NEEs where labour costs are cheaper, longer working hours and trade unions have no influence
Mechanisation reduced production costs and the need for manual labour
How has globalisation led to economic change in the UK?
Manufacturing has moved overseas, where there are cheaper labour costs (eg. Marks and Spencers moving to Bangledesh)
TNCs have moved their tertiary and quaternary operations to the UK- to take advantage of the educated workforce.
How have government policy changes led to economic change in the UK?
key manufacturing industries have been privatised since the 1980s
The government has also carried out deregulation- removing restrictions on businesses to encourage more entrepeneurs to move to the UK.
What is a post-industrial economy?
A post-industrial economy is where the manufacturing industry declines and is replaced by growth in the service and quaternary sectors
By 2021, 80% of UK employment was in the tertiary and quaternary sectors with only 18% in manufacturing and 2% in primary employment. By contrast, in 1900, the manufacturing figure was 55%
Development of information technology in the UK?
over 1.3 million people work in the IT sector and the UK is one of the world’s leading digital economies
Development of service industries in the UK?
the UK services sector has grown rapidly since the 1970s, and contributes over 85% of the UK’s GDP
Development of the finance sector in the UK?
UK is the world’s leading centre for financial services and accounts for about 10% of the UK’s GDP, employing about 1.1 million people. Includes banking, insurance, securities dealing and fund management
Development of research and development in the UK?
this sector employs over 100,000 highly qualified people and contributes over £13bn to the UK economy e.g. British (17% of UK’s GDP) Antarctic Survey employs over 500 skilled and professional staff from several areas of expertise in Cambridge, Antarctica and the Arctic
What are science parks?
A designated area that brings together businesses focused on scientific and technical knowledge. These parks are often located near universities, allowing them to benefit from research facilities and a skilled workforce.There are over 130 UK science parks that employ over 120,000 people
What are buisness parks?
Areas of land occupied by a cluster of businesses located on the urban fringes where land is cheaper and readily available with less congestion, and businesses can benefit from collaboration e.g. printing companies can provide materials for other businesses in the park
Why are buisness and science parks increasing in the UK?
Buisness parks are increasing in the UK because of the educated workforce, leading to a growth in the tertiary and quaternary sectors as people try to take advantage of this workforce. There is also government support for some parks.
What are the benefits of buisness and science parks?
Increased investment in the regional area
Leisure activities- leading to increased public spending
Provide direct (within companies) and indirect employment opportunities- leads to PME
How does trade link the UK globally?
Uk trades globally, and its overseas exports are worth over £160 billion per year
Links to the USA, Europe and Asia are particularly significant
How does the UK’s culture link it globally?
Strong creative industries mean that UK culture is exported worldwide
Television is one of the most successful media exports. In 2019-2020, TV programmes and associated features accounted for £1.148 billion of export earnings (6% rise from previous year)
USA largest marked for UK TV exports- worth around £466 million
Shaun the Sheep TV series shown to 170 countries
Immigration has helped to shape the UK’s culture, leading to cultural diversity in food, art, music, films (eg. Bollywood from India) and festivals (Notting Hill Carnival)
How does transport link the UK globally?
The Channel Tunnel links the UK to France, providing a route to mainland Europe. Large airports like Heathrow act as an international hub, linking the UK to the rest of the world
How does electronic communications link the UK globally?
99% of all internet traffic passes along a network of submarine high power cables. Telephones and the internet make it easier for people in the UK to communicate with people in other countries, strengthening the UKs overseas links
Trans-Atlantic cables (carrying phone lines and internet connections) linking Europe and the USA are routed via the UK
What is the EU?
The EU is an economic and political partner of 27 countries. Goods and people can move freely between EU countries, strengthening links between members. The UK left the EU in 2020
How has the EU affected the UK?
EU laws and controls on crime, pollution and consumers’ rights. Some people view these rules as restrictive for individuals and companies in the UK
High unemployment and low wages in poorer EU countries have led to large numbers of workers migrating to the UK
In 2019, there was net immigration of 49,00 citizens from the EU, compared to 282,000 non-EU
EU biggest single market in the world. Goods, services, capital and labour can move freely between member states and encourage trade
European Structural and Investment Funds have provided support for disadvantaged regions in the UK and sectors such as fisheries
Financial support for farmers
Single Payments Scheme, introduced in 2015, is part of the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy
In 2015, £18 million was made available to support dairy farmers in England and Wales
What is the commonwealth?
The Commonwealth is an association of 54 states, including the UK and many of its former colonies.
How does the Commonwealth impact the UK?
It promotes cooperation between member countries (eg. through trade, aid and sport)
Important trade and cultural links between the UK and the Commonwealth
Many people have moved to work, study, or settle permanently in the UK from countries and regions such as India, Nigeria, Bangladesh and the Carribean
Commonwealth Games one of the world’s major sporting events (eg. Birmingham 2022)
