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MEDICINE: Industrial Period > 3.2.2 Anaesthics and Antiseptics > Flashcards

3.2.2 Anaesthics and Antiseptics Flashcards

1
Q

Problems with surgery in the 1800s

A
  • Pain
  • Bleeding
  • Infection
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2
Q

Why was pain a problem with surgery?

A

Patients often died from clinical shock due to the pain from surgery

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3
Q

Why was bleeding a problem with surgery?

A

Patients often died because they lost too much blood

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4
Q

Why was infection a problem with surgery?

A

Before Germ Theory, people did not know that microbes caused infection. Surgeons wore the same outfit and used the same equipment for multiple patients

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5
Q

What was used as an anaesthetic in the 1800s by doctors and surgeons? (2)

A

Alcohol to make them drunk

Opium to numb the pain

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6
Q

Humphrey Davey was the first person to use what to numb pain?

A

nitrous oxide (laughing gas)

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7
Q

Who used nitrous oxide (laughing gas) in 1844 and what for?

A

Horace Wells to numb pain in dental surgery

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8
Q

Who first used Chloroform in surgery and in what year? Was it effective?

A

Dr James Simpson in 1847. It was effective but lead to deaths in high doses.

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9
Q

What killed Hannah Greener in 1848?

A

Chloroform

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10
Q

Which female monarch used chloroform during childbirth in 1853? What was the impact of this?

A

Queen Victoria which made them more popular

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11
Q

Ether was effective but what were the downsides?

A
  • it led to vomiting
  • was explosive
  • hard to inhale
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12
Q

Ether was first used by who in which year?

A

American scientist William Clark in 1842

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13
Q

What did Robert Liston use ether for in which year?

A

A leg amputation in 1846

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14
Q

What was the religious view about pain suffered during surgery?

A

It was God’s will

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15
Q

Initially, what was the impact of anaesthetics on the deaths due to surgery?

A

Anaesthetics increased the number of deaths in surgery

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16
Q

What did some army surgeons believe?

A

That soldiers should endure the pain

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17
Q

Doing more complex surgery for longer in unhygienic places increased what? (2)

A
  • The risk of infection

- Fatal blood loss

18
Q

What aided in making anaesthetics more widely accepted?

A

Public demonstrations of drugs

19
Q

What were antiseptics used for?

A

Killing microbes in wounds

20
Q

What did Joseph Lister do?

A

He applied Pasteur’s Germ Theory to surgery

21
Q

What did Joseph Lister think?

A

Germs explained why wounds from surgery got infected.

22
Q

What method did Lister take to stop Germs infecting wounds from surgery?

A

Sprayed them in carbolic acid

23
Q

After his use of carbolic acid, from what percentage did Joseph Lister’s death rate fall from?

A

46% to 15%

24
Q

What would be covered in carbolic acid to reduce the chance of infection?

A
  • The surgeons hands
  • The surgical instruments
  • Bandages
25
Q

Why was Lister criticised?

A

Most doctors believed that chemicals caused infections rather than germs

26
Q

What dud people still believe in?

A

Spontaneous generation

27
Q

Why did some surgeons think Lister’s idea of carbolic acid was wrong?

A

They tried to copy him and didn’t do it properly which made them think that he was wrong as nothing changed

28
Q

Why was carbolic acid unpleasant for doctors to use?

A

It irritated their skin and lungs.

29
Q

What was the later effect of Lister’s ideas and why?

A

10x more surgeries were performed in the UK in 1912 relative to 1867 because the chances of survival improved so much

30
Q

When did Lister hear about the Germ Theory?

A

1865

31
Q

Who dud Lister test out the Germ Theory on?

A

Jaime Greenlees

32
Q

How did Lister use Jaime Greenlees to prove germ theory?

A

Instead of cutting off his broken leg Lister healed it with surgery and the wound did not become infected.Lister published the results of Greenlees results and 10 other patients proving Pasteur’s Germ Theory in 1867

33
Q

By which year was Louis Pasteur’s Germ Theory widely accepted by British Doctors?

A

1880

34
Q

By which year had aseptic surgery become very common?

A

1900

35
Q

What did aseptic surgery methods aim to do?

A

Completely eliminate bacteria before and during an operation rather than trying to kill microbes on a specific wound

36
Q

What did surgeons do for aseptic surgery?

A
  • Scrub their hands clean
  • Wore new clothes
  • Wore thin rubber gloves
37
Q

what type of surgical instruments were used for aseptic surgery?

A

sterilised

38
Q

Why were operating theatres made smaller?

A

To reduce the chance of infection

39
Q

What did wars provide for surgeons?

A

Test cases to try out new techniques

40
Q

What were aseptic developments largely advanced by?

A

Wars such as the Crimean War

MEDICINE: Industrial Period (7 decks)

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