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A-level Biology Oxford AQA > 3.2.10 Cells Divide by Binary Fission and Mitosis > Flashcards

3.2.10 Cells Divide by Binary Fission and Mitosis Flashcards

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1
Q

Cells that keep their ability to divide follow the ____ ____

A

cell cycle

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2
Q

What is interphase?

A

Period of cell growth and DNA replication

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3
Q

Name the 2 phases that the cell cycle consists of

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Mitosis
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4
Q

Name the 3 growth stages that interphase is subdivided into

A
  1. Gap phase 1
  2. Synthesis
  3. Gap phase 2
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5
Q

Where does the cell cycle start and end?

A

At mitosis

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6
Q

Draw the cell cycle

A
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7
Q

What happens in gap phase 1?

A

Cells grows and new organelles and proteins are made

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8
Q

What happens in synthesis?

A

Cell replicates its DNA, ready to divide by mitosis

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9
Q

What happens in gap phase 2?

A

Cell keeps growing and proteins needed for cell division are made

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10
Q

What is mitosis?

A

When a parent cell divides to produce 2 genetically identical daughter cells

(Contain exact copy of DNA of parent cell)

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11
Q

Why is mitosis needed?

A

For growth of multicellular organisms and repairing damaged tissues

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12
Q

Describe what occurs before mitosis, during interphase

A
  1. Caries out its normal functions but prepares to divide
  2. DNA unravels and replicates, organelles are replicated
  3. ATP content increased
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13
Q

Name the 4 main stages in mitosis

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
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14
Q

As mitosis begins why are chromosomes made of 2 strands (chromatids) joined by a centromere?

A

∵ each chromosome has already made an identical copy of itself during interphase

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15
Q

When mitosis is over, what do the chromatids end up as?

A

One-strand chromosomes in the daughter cells

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16
Q

Describe Prophase

A
  1. Chromosomes condense and super coil & become visible
  2. Centrioles (tiny bundles of protein) move towards opposite end of cell, forming the spindle (network of protein fibres)
  3. Nuclear envelope breaks down allows chromosomes to move
17
Q

Describe Metaphase

A
  1. Chromosomes line up along centre of cell
  2. Become attached to the spindle by their centromere
18
Q

Describe Anaphase

A
  1. Centromeres divide, separating each pair of sister chromatids
  2. Spindles contract, pull chromatids to opposite poles of the spindle, centromere first (are separated)
  3. Makes chromatids appear v-shaped
19
Q

Describe Telophase

A
  1. Chromatids reach opposite poles on spindle
  2. They uncoil & become long and thin again = chromosomes
  3. Nuclear envelope reforms preventing chromosomes moving away
  4. Cytoplasm divides (cytokinesis) so they’re now two daughter cells that are genetically identical to original cell
  5. (Each daughter cells starts interphase)
20
Q

Describe how you use root tips to observe mitosis

A
  1. Cut 1 cm from tip of growing root (e.g. onion)
  2. Hydrochloric acid in boiling tube, put in water bath at 60°C
  3. Transfer root tip into boiling tube & leave for 5 mins
  4. Use pipette to rinse root tip with cold water
    • Leave tip to dry on paper towel
  5. Place root tip on microscopic slide & cut 2 mm from very tip of it
    • Discard the rest
  6. Use mounted needle to break tip open and spread cells thinly
  7. Add few drops of stain and leave it for few minutes
  8. Place cover slip over cells and push down firmly to squash tissue
  9. Look at all stages of mitosis under optical microscope
21
Q

Investigating Mitosis

Why do you have cut the from the tip of a growing root?

A

Has to be tip ∵ it’s where growth occurs (i.e. mitosis)

22
Q

Investigating Mitosis

Why do you have add stain to the sample?

A

Stain makes it easier for chromosomes to be seen

23
Q

Investigating Mitosis

Why do you squash the tissue (by pushing down the cover slip firmly over the cells)?

A

This makes tissue thinner = allows light to pass through it

24
Q

Investigating Mitosis

Why shouldn’t you smear the cover slip sideways?

A

∵ you’ll damage the chromosomes

25
Q

Label the stages of mitosis and interphase

A
26
Q

Describe how you would use an optical microscope to observe cells

A
  1. Clip prepared slide onto the stage
  2. Select lowest-powered objective lens
  3. Use coarse adjustment knob to bring stage up to just below objective lens
  4. Look down eyepiece & use coarse adjustment knob to move stage downwards until image is roughly in focus
  5. Adjust focus with fine adjustment knob until you get clear image of slide
  6. If you need a greater magnification, swap to higher-powered objective lens and refocus
27
Q

What is mitotic index?

A

Proportion of cells undergoing mitosis

28
Q

Why do we work out the mitotic index?

A

To find out how quickly a tissue is growing

29
Q

State the formula for the mitotic index

A
30
Q

Why does a plant root tip have a high mitotic index (i.e. lots of cells in mitosis)?

A

∵ it’s constantly growing

31
Q

Why may other tissues have a high mitotic index?

A

∵ tissue repair is taking place or there’s cancerous growth

32
Q

What is an artefact?

A

Things that you can see down microscope that aren’t part of cell or specimen you’re looking at

e.g. bits of dust, air bubbles and fingerprints, to inaccuracies caused by squashing and staining your sample

33
Q

When are artefacts made?

A

During preparation of your slides

34
Q

What is binary fission?

A

When a prokaryotic cell replicates its genetic material before splitting into 2 daughter cells

35
Q

Describe Binary Fission

A
  1. Circular DNA and plasmid(s) replicate
    • Main DNA loop is replicated once but plasmids can be replicated loads of time
  2. Cells get bigger and DNA loops move to opposite ‘poles’ (ends) of cell
  3. Cytoplasm begins to divide (and new cell walls begin to form)
  4. Cytoplasm divides and 2 daughter cells produced
    • Each daughter cells has 1 copy of variable DNA but can have variable no. of copies of plasmid(s)
36
Q

What can occur during conjugation?

A

DNA may be passed from one species of bacterium to another (species)

37
Q

“DNA may be passed from one species of bacterium to another (species) during conjugation”

What is this known as?

A

Horizontal gene transmission

38
Q

What is vertical gene transmission?

A

When genes are passed down from one generation (of a species) to next generation (of same species)

39
Q

Describe how DNA transfers by conjugation in bacteria

A

A-level Biology Oxford AQA (41 decks)

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