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Physics > 3.2.1 Particles > Flashcards

3.2.1 Particles Flashcards

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1
Q

What force keeps the nucleus stable?

A

Strong nuclear force

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2
Q

What is the range of strong nuclear force at which it is; repulsive, attractive and COMPLETELY ineffective

A

Below 0.5fm, between 0.5-3fm, above 3fm

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3
Q

Why was the neutrino first hypothesised?
and what is it?

A

.To account for the conservation of energy in beta decay
.It is a particle with no mass or charge but has KE therefore conserving energy

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4
Q

Define pair production

A

a gamma photon with sufficient energy(roughly 2x the rest energy of the particle it’s trying to pair produce) is near the nucleus.
This creates a particle and its antiparticle dependant on the energy of the photon.
Any excess energy is converted to KE and distributed evenly

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5
Q

What is required for alpha decay to occur?
And why is this required?

A

.The nucleus must be large e.g. radium
.This is required so that the SNF can’t keep the nucleus stable

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6
Q

What is required for beta minus decay?
And why is this required?

A

.The nucleus must be neutron rich
.this is so that a neutron can change into a proton

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7
Q

What is emitted in alpha decay?

A

A helium nucleus
/
2 protons and 2 neutrons

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8
Q

What happens in beta decay?

A

A neutron changes into a proton
An electron is emitted from the nucleus
An electron anti-neutrino is also emitted

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9
Q

What are the two types of neutrinos?

A

Electron neutrino
Muon neutrino

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10
Q

What is needed for gamma decay to occur?

A

A nucleus with excess energy(normally after alpha or beta decay)

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11
Q

What are gamma rays made of?

A

High energy EM waves that don’t change the nucleus at all

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12
Q

What is the anti particle of:
Proton, electron, neutron, neutrino

A

Antiproton, positron, antineutron, antineutrino

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13
Q

What can EM radiation behave as?

A

A wave or a particle
Known as wave particle duality

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14
Q

Define a photon

A

A packet of EM radiation with no mass or charge

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15
Q

What does pair production create?

A

A particle and its antiparticle (any remaining energy will be split evenly into KE of the particles)

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16
Q

When does annihilation occur?

A

When a particle and its antiparticle meet

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17
Q

What happens in annihilation

A

Both particles are destroyed and their mass is converted to energy in the form of two gamma ray photons moving apart in opposite direction to conserve momentum any extra energy from previous KE is split evenly between the photons KE

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18
Q

Antiparticle and particle (different or same):
Mass
Charge
Rest energy

A

Same
Opposite
Same

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19
Q

Describe one application of annihilation

A

PET scanners
Used in medicine to detect cancerous tumours as if you inject a tracer that emits positrons annihilation will occur with the electrons found naturally in the body. Cancer cells will absorb this tracer at a faster rate and so this area will emit more photons as a result of annihilation. Therefore the location of the tumour can be detected by scamners

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20
Q

What are the four fundamental forces?

A

Strong nuclear force, gravity, electromagnetic force, weak nuclear force)

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21
Q

What are the 2 requirements for particle interaction?

A

One of the four fundamental forces
An exchange particle

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22
Q

What is the other name for an exchange particle?

A

Gauge boson

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23
Q

What is an exchange particles purpose?

A

To travel inbetween two particles with momentum and cause action to occur between them

24
Q

What is the ;exchange particle, particles affected and range of strong nuclear force

A

Virtual Pions,hadrons,10 to the -15m

25
Q

What is the exchange particle, particles affected and range of electromagnetic force?

A

Virtual photon (y), any with a charge, infinite

26
Q

What is the exchange particle, particles affected and range of weak nuclear force?

A

W+ and W- bosons, everything, 10 to the -18m

27
Q

What is the exchange particle, particles affected and range of gravity?

A

Graviton(theoretical), any with mass, infinite

28
Q

What is the rule of mass and range for exchange particles

A

The larger the mass the shorter the range

29
Q

What is the Feynman diagram for beta minus decay?

A

Click me link

30
Q

What is the Feynman diagram for beta plus decay?

A

Click me link

31
Q

What is the Feynman diagram for electron capture?

A

Click me link

32
Q

What is the Feynman diagram for electron-proton collisions?

A

Click me link

33
Q

What are leptons key characteristics

A

They don’t experience snf
They are fundamental particles

34
Q

Give 2 examples of leptons

A

Electrons
Muons

35
Q

What are the key characteristics of hadrons

A

They experience snf
They are made up of quarks

36
Q

What defines the sub groups of hadrons

A

Baryons have 3 quarks
Mesons have a quark antiquark pair

37
Q

Name 2 baryons

A

Protons
Neutrons

38
Q

Name 2 mesons

A

Pions
Kaons

39
Q

What must be conserved in particle interactions?

A

Baryon number
Lepton number
Strangeness (only in strong nuclear interactions)
Charge
Energy
Momentum

40
Q

What is the most stable baryon

A

Proton

41
Q

What is the most stable meson

A

Pion

42
Q

What is the most stable lepton

A

Electron

43
Q

What are kaons created by

A

Strong nuclear force

44
Q

How do kaons turn into pions

A

Decay caused by weak nuclear force

45
Q

Why do kaons have a strange property and what does this cause

A

They have a longer lifetime than expected
This causes them to only be produced in pairs of strange particles

46
Q

How can strangeness change in weak interactions?

A

-1, 0, +1

47
Q

How much mass and charge do neutrinos have?

A

Zero or almost zero
Zero

48
Q

What are the three types of quarks (excluding antiquarks)

A

Up, down and strange

49
Q

Which quark has greater mass

A

Strange and anti strange quarks

50
Q

What is the quark composition of a proton?

A

UUD

51
Q

What is the quark composition of a neutron?

A

UDD

52
Q

What is the quark composition of a pion?

A

U(U)
D(D)
() = anti

53
Q

What is the quark composition of a kaon?

A

U/D with S/(S)
/ = or
() = anti

54
Q

What is the strangeness of k+ and Ko

A

+1

55
Q

What is the strangeness of K- and (Ko)?
() = anti

A

-1

56
Q

How does quark character change in B+ decay?

A

An up quark changes into a down quark

57
Q

How does quark character change in B- decay?

A

A down quark changes into a up quark

Physics (3 decks)

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