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AQA A level Human Geography > 3.2.1 Global systems and global governance > Flashcards

3.2.1 Global systems and global governance Flashcards

1
Q

define globalisation

A

a process by which national economies and societies have become increasingly integrated and interconnected through the global network of trade, communications, transport and immigration

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2
Q

what are the different elements of globalisation?

A

-economic
-cultural/social
-political

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3
Q

what are the economic elements of globalisation caused by?

A

-increase in free trade
-growth of TNCs (EU, UN)
-faster, cheaper transport
-global marketing

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4
Q

what are the economic elements of globalisation characterised by?

A

long distance flows of goods, capital and services, information and market exchanges

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5
Q

what are the cultural/social elements of globalisation caused by?

A

-migration
global communication networks
-impact of western culture through media

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6
Q

what are the cultural/social elements of globalisation characterised by?

A

spread of ideas, information and images

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7
Q

what are the political elements of globalisation caused by?

A

-growth of western democracies and their influence on less economically developed countries
-decline of communist economies

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8
Q

what are the political elements of globalisation characterised by?

A

the diffusion of government policy and development of market economies in former communist states

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9
Q

how can we measure globalisation?

A

using the KOF index

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10
Q

when was the KOF index introduced?

A

2002

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11
Q

what three aspects does the KOF index look at to measure how globalised a country is?

A

economic, social and political

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12
Q

what percentage of the KOF index is economic aspects?

A

36%

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13
Q

what percentage of the KOF index is social aspects?

A

38%

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14
Q

what percentage of the KOF index is political aspects?

A

26%

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15
Q

how can the economic aspects of the KOF index be calculated?

A

through economic flows (trade/finance)

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16
Q

how can the social aspects of the KOF index be calculated?

A

through personal contacts (phone minutes, remittances), information flows (internet use, radios per thousand) and cultural proximity ( number of McDonalds and IKEAs)

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17
Q

how can the political aspects of the KOF index be calculated?

A

through number of UN peacekeeping missions

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18
Q

what does it mean by dimensions of globalisation?

A

the characteristics of globalisation

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19
Q

what are the dimensions of globalisation?

A

-flow of capital, labour, products, services, information
-global marketing
-patterns of production, distribution and consumption

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20
Q

what is the flow of capital?

A

includes all money that moves between countries

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21
Q

what is the name of the model that traditional flows are shown in?

A

core-periphery model

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22
Q

what countries are the core countries?

A

HICs

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23
Q

what countries are the semi-periphery countries?

A

NEEs

24
Q

what countries are the periphery countries?

A

LICs

25
Q

what do the periphery countries provide the core countries with?

A

cheap labour and raw materials

26
Q

what do the core countries provide the periphery countries with?

A

high profit consumption goods

27
Q

is labour as free flowing as capital?

A

no, labour is not as free flowing as capital

28
Q

what are the flows of labour characterised by?

A

-rise in international migrants e.g. mainly short distance movements between countries
-people travel further to get to the richer areas e.g. europe attracts migrants from furthest afield
-inter continental migrants tend not to be the poorest or least educated
-

29
Q

what are the trends in international migration?

A

-largest flow in the world is between south asia and west asia
- the general trend over the last 25 years to move from Asia to North America and Europe, but also increasingly to the gulf states

30
Q

where do most of latin americas migrants go to?

A

north america

31
Q

where is most of africas migration?

A

internally

32
Q

where is most of asias migration?

A

the largest flows of migration are interregional flows between south and west asia

33
Q

what is the international movement of products facilitated by?

A

by the reduction in costs of trade

34
Q

what things have reduced the costs of trade?

A

-transaction costs have been reduced by the improvements in flows of data and the ease with which capital can be transferred
-transport and time costs have been reduced by the process of containerisation which has enabled more complex and long distance flows of products
-tariffs which with the encouragement of the World Trade Organisation have generally been reduced in global trade

35
Q

what are the different levels of services?

A

high level services and low level services

36
Q

what are high level services?

A

they are services to a business such as finance, investment and advertising

37
Q

what are low level services>

A

services to consumers such as banking, travel and tourism, customer call centres of communication centres

38
Q

what are information flows governed by?

A

the movement of people through migration and by the speed of data and communication transfers

39
Q

how have flows of information changed in the past few decades?

A

digitalisation and satellite technology have transformed these flows of inofrmation

40
Q

what are digital information flows supported by?

A

-improvements to global telephone networks
-mobile telecommunication technology
-email and the internet
-live media coverage available on a global scale

41
Q

why are information flows so important?

A

due to their contribution to the expansion of knowledge intensive goods and services

42
Q

what happens when a company becomes a global marketeer?

A

-it views the world as one single market and creates products that fit the various regional market places
-it will usually develop a recognisable brand

43
Q

what is the ultimate goal of a global marketeer?

A

to sell the same product, the same way, everywhere which generates economies of scale

44
Q

how has globalisation influenced labour?

A

it has created a new international division of labour with two main recognisable groups

45
Q

what are the two recognisable groups of labour?

A

-the highly skilled, highly paid, decision making, research and managerial occupations which are largely concentrated in more developed countries
-the unskilled, poorly paid assembly occupations, which have become increasingly located in newly industrialising countries which have lower labour costs

46
Q

what has happened to manufacturing over the last 40 years?

A

manufacturing has become decentralised, moving away from the highly developed economies of Western Europe, North America and Japan

47
Q

what has the global shift in patterns of production from the HDEs to lower wage economies been driven by?

A

-lower land and labour costs
-incentives offered by governments in the form of tax breaks or special economic zones, have encouraged TNCs to invest and relocate the production side of their business abroad
-the transfer of technology by TNCs has enabled countries in the developing world to increase their productivity

48
Q

what factors influence the locational decisions made by entrepreneurs of large manufacturing companies?

A

-the availability of a skilled and educated workforce
-the opportunity to build new plants with the latest and most productive technology
-access to large markets without tariff barriers
-availability of infrastructure including power supply, roads, ports

49
Q

what is one of the main consequences in this global shift in patterns of production?

A

deindustrialisation in richer HDEs and a subsequent loss of jobs- outdates production methods and lack of investment have also contributed to the decline of manufacturing

50
Q

what strategies have governments in HDEs created to attempt to reverse the decline of industry?

A

-encouraging foreign TNCs to invest in deindustrialised regions by offering incentives such as tax breaks
-encouraging investment in skills and technology to upgrade manufacturing and industry
-adopting more protectionist policies, such as import tariffs, to protect domestic production

51
Q

what has the global shift in production patterns also caused?

A

it has caused a political reaction against globalisation, the rise in populist and nationalist movements in developed economies is partially attributed to the decline in standards of living in areas suffering from deindustrialisation

52
Q

where is product consumption predominantly?

A

product consumption still lies predominantly in the richer countries of the developed world- products manufactured in emerging NIC economies are largely exported and sold to countries in Europe, North America and Japan

53
Q

how is the pattern of product consumption changing?

A

as emerging NICs develop, their populations are becoming more affluent and are starting to demand similar products to those being exported from their own countries

54
Q

how are different patterns of distribution and consumption likely to appear in the future?

A

with a marked transition from west to east as the centre of gravity economically shifts

55
Q

what do forecasts suggest will happen to the pattern of distribution and consumption?

A

-the USA, Western Europe, Japan and China will continue to be the best destination for exporters
-as Asia becomes more competitive a growing share of the regions exports will be to other countries in Asia
-Chinas ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ will open up access and diversify its exports to emerging markets
-finance corporations from HDEs have the potential to benefit from the expansion in financial services in the Asia-Pacific region, but will face increasing competition from Chinese, Singaporean, and Korean banks and insurance companies

AQA A level Human Geography (1 decks)

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