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Biology Module 3 > 3.2 Transport in Animals > Flashcards

3.2 Transport in Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

why do multicellular animals need transport system?

A

. small surface area to volume ration

. short diffusion distance

. high metabolic rate

. size of larger animals

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2
Q

what are the different types of circulatory systems?

A

. open- blood is not enclosed within vessels

. closed- blood is enclose within vessels

. single- blood passes the heart once

. double- blood passes the heart twice.

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3
Q

what is the structure and function of the arteries?

A

. carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body at high pressure

. thick wallsans small lumen to withstand high blood pressure

. elastic tissue which allows them to stretch and recoil which smooths blood flow

. smooth muscle enables them to vary blood flow

. smooth endothelium to reduce friction and ease flow of blood

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4
Q

what is the structure and function of the arterioles?

A

. branch off arteries

. have thinner and less muscular walls . . their role is to feed blood into capillaries

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5
Q

what is the structure and function of the capillaries?

A

.smallest blood vessels

. site of metabolic exchange

. only one cell thick for fast exchange of substances as it reduces diffusion distance

. walls are leaky to let fluid proteins to leak out

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6
Q

what is the structure and function of the venules?

A

larger than capillaries but smaller than veins

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7
Q

what is the structure and function of the veins?

A

. carry blood from the body to the heart at low pressure

. contain a wide lumen to maximise volume of blood carried to the heart . . thin walled as blood is under low pressure

. valves to prevent backflow of blood, . no pulse of blood meaning there’s little elastic tissue or smooth muscle as there is no need for stretching and recoiling

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8
Q

what is tissue fluid?

A
  • contains dissolved oxygen and nutrients which it
    supplies the tissues withexchange for waste products such as carbon dioxide.
  • enables exchange of substances between blood and cells.
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9
Q

how does tissue fluid form from plasma?

A
  1. at arterial end hydrostatic is greater than, oncotic and fluid / plasma moves, out capillary
  2. at venous end hydrostatic is lower than, oncotic so tissue fluid moves into capillary
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10
Q

remaining tissue fluid goes to the lymphatic system, what is this?

A

drains waste products from tissue fluid

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11
Q

what is the difference in composition in the blood, tissue fluid and lymph?

A

blood : contains erythrocytes, neutrophills, platelets, proteins, water and dissolved solutes

tissue fluid: contains few neutrophills, few proteins, water, and dissolved solutes

lymph: contains neutrophills, water and dissolved solutes

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12
Q

what is the external structure of the heart?

A
  • superior vena cava
  • inferior vena cava
  • aorta

-pulmonary veins

  • coronary arteries
  • pulmonary arteries
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13
Q

what is the internal structure of the heart?

A
  • superior and inferior vena cava
  • left and right atrium
  • left and right ventricle
  • aorta
  • pulmonary veins
  • pulmonary arteries
  • AV valves
  • Semilunar valves
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14
Q

describe atrial systole

A
  • ventricles are relaxed
  • atria contract, decreases volume and increases the pressure
  • blood is pushed into the ventricles through the AV valves
  • there is a slight increase in ventricular pressure and volume as blood is ejected into the ventricles
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15
Q

describe ventricular systole

A
  • atria relax
  • ventricles contract, increases pressure in the ventricles than the aorta so the AV valves close, to prevent back flow of blood
  • this high pressure in the ventricles cause the Semi-lunar valves to open and blood is forced out into the pulmonary artery and aorta
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16
Q

describe diastole

A
  • ventricles and atria relax
  • the high pressure in the pulmonary and aorta cause the Semi-lunar valve to close, to prevent back flow of blood
  • atria fills with blood, increasing their pressure
  • ventricles continue to relax
17
Q

describe how heart action is initiated by the SAN

A
  • generaties a wave of excitation that spreads to the atrial walls to contract
18
Q

describe how heart action is initiated by the AVN

A
  • Depolarisation passed into conducting fibres, known as Bundle of His.
  • Purkinje fibres carry the wave upwards to the ventricles
  • This delay enable the ventricles to fill with a sufficient amount of blood before contracting.
19
Q

how to calculate cardiac output

A

heart rate x stroke volume

20
Q

What do the different waves mean in ECG’s

A
  • QRS complex : activation of ventricles
  • P wave : activation of atria
  • T wave : recovery wave
21
Q

what are some examples of ECG’s ?

A
  • fast heartbeat : tachycardia
  • slow heartbeat : bradycardia
  • irregular heartbeat : fibrillation
  • extra heartbeat : ectopic heartbeat
22
Q

Define oxygen association

A

in the lungs, at high pO2 Hb affinity increases and binds easily with O2

23
Q

Define oxygen dissociation

A

in the blood, pO2 decreases and Hb affinity decreases so O2 is released to respiring cells and tissues

24
Q

Define affinity and its relation with oxygen

A
  • Affinity is how well substances combine (liking for another substance)
  • Hb has a high affinity for O2 in lungs because the high O2 lvls whereas Hb releases O2 in blood because O2 lvls decrease
25
Q

describe the oxygen dissociation curve

A

-shows the rate at which oxygen associates, and also dissociates, with haemoglobin at different partial pressures of oxygen (pO2)
- when pO2 lvls are high Hb has a higher affinity for O2 and so will associate
- when pO2 lvls are low Hb releases O2 and dissociates

26
Q

why does respiration do to the availability of oxygen?

A
  • Decreases partial pressure, in turn decreasing affinity of oxygen for haemoglobin.
  • As a result, oxygen gets released to respiring tissues where needed.
27
Q

how is carbon dioxide transported?

A
  • CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid, catalaysed by carbonic anhydrase
  • carbonic acid dissociates into hydrogen and hydrogencarbonate ions
  • the increase of hydrogen ions means that oxyhaemoglobin unloads its O2 so haemoglobin takes hydrogen ions
  • this forms haemoglobonic acid - this process stops the cell’s acidity from increasing
  • the hydrogen carbonate ions diffuse out of the red blood cells and transported to the blood plasma (chloride shift)
  • when blood reaches the lung the low pCO2, the process is reversed
  • H2CO3 -> H20 + CO2
  • CO2 diffuses into alveoli and is breathed out
28
Q

what is the chloride shift?

A

HCO3- ions move out of red blood cells into the blood plasma
RBC are more +ve
Cl- ions move into RBC to prevent an electrical imbalance

29
Q

what is the Bohr effect?

A

more CO2 produced so more O2 released

30
Q

what effect does tachycardia have on blood flow FROM heart

A

less blood leaves heart because ventricles dont have enough time to refill

31
Q

what is the difference between fetal and adult haemoglobin

A

fetal Hb has a higher affinity for oxygen
must be able to bind to oxygen at lower pO2 in placenta

32
Q

why does tissue fluid not contain erythrocytes

A

too big to pass through gaps in endothelial cells

33
Q

describe and explain how substances that are dissolved in the blood plasma e.g Oxygen and glucose enter tissue fluid from the capillaries

A

capillary walls are leaky
diffuse down a concentration gradient
high hydrostatic pressure pushes plasma out of the capillaries into the surrounding tissue fluid

34
Q

why is the cartilage essential in the trachea

A

strength and support to prevent it from collapsing
flexible to keep airway open

35
Q

what are two advantages for keeping the blood enclosed within vessels

A

maintain high blood pressure
increase rate of blood flow to and from heart

36
Q

why is the left ventricle wall thicker than left atrium wall

A

needs to create a higher pressure

to push blood against greater friction

pumps blood to all parts of body

Biology Module 3 (3 decks)

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