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Biomed > 3.2 Terms > Flashcards

3.2 Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogen

A

a disease causing organism

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2
Q

Jungle Rot causes

A

Polymicrobial infection with a variety of microorganisms

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3
Q

Jungle Rot Symptoms

A

-numb foot/toes
-red or blue coloration

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4
Q

What may untreated jungle rot lead to?

A

amputation

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5
Q

What is a Prion?

A

nonliving, submicroscopic patterns

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6
Q

How does a prion infect?

A

exposed meat, contaminated medical equipment, infected organs - causes brain to fold

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7
Q

Prion Diagnosis

A

MRI, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, EEG (brain waves)

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8
Q

Prion Treatment

A

no cure, but meds can slow it down

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9
Q

Prion Prevention

A

cleaning medical equipment

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10
Q

Prion Examples

A

-Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
-Gerstmann-Straussler-scheinker syndrome
-fatal familial Insomnia

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11
Q

What is a virus?

A

non-living microscopic agents with an outer protein shell (capsid)

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12
Q

How does a virus infect?

A

touch, saliva, blood or sexual contact, takes over protein synthesis

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13
Q

Virus Diagnosis

A

physical exam and clinical lab testing

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14
Q

Virus Treatment

A

antivirals, OTC treatment (pain relievers, decongestants, cough syrups)

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15
Q

Virus Prevention

A

Vaccines and proper personal hygiene

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16
Q

Virus Examples

A

-Influenza Virus
-Flu
-COVID

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17
Q

What is Bacteria?

A

living, microscopic, unicellular, prokaryotic organisms

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18
Q

How does bacteria infect?

A

nose, eye, mouth, wound, contaminated food/water, sex

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19
Q

Bacteria diagnosis

A

physical exam and clinical lab testing

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20
Q

Bacteria treatment

A

antibiotics

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21
Q

Bacteria prevention

A

vaccines, sanitary conditions, proper personal hygiene

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22
Q

Bacteria examples

A

-mycobacterium tuberculosis
-meningitis
-pneumonia

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23
Q

What is a protist?

A

living, microscopic, animal-like organism, single-celled eukaryotic

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24
Q

How does a protist infect?

A

ingestion of poop, contaminated food, they infect the digestive tract and deprive of essential nutrients

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25
Q

Protist diagnosis

A

microscopic exam of fecal material to look for protists

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26
Q

Protist treatment

A

antiprotozoal medication

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27
Q

Protist Prevention

A

maintenance of personal health and sanitary conditions

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28
Q

Protist Examples

A

-giardiasis
-malaria
-toxoplasmosis

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29
Q

What is a helminth?

A

living, multicellular, eukaryotic worms

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30
Q

How do helminths infect?

A

consumption of contaminated food/water, bitten by an insect

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31
Q

Helminth Diagnosis

A

microscopic exam of fecal matter to look for worms

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32
Q

Helminth Treatment

A

deworming medications

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33
Q

Helminth Prevention

A

avoid:
-exposed food/water
-ingestion of meat from infected animal
insect bites

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34
Q

Helminth Examples

A

-taenia
-ascariasis
-hookworm

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35
Q

What is Fungi?

A

living, multicellular, eukaryotic organisms, yeasts, mildew, mushrooms, molds

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36
Q

How does fungi infect?

A

when spores are inhaled or land on host-results in tissue damage

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37
Q

Fungi Diagnosis

A

microscopic exam of tissue affected

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38
Q

Fungi Treatment

A

antifungals

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39
Q

Fungi prevention

A

avoid contact with an infected host

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40
Q

Fungi examples

A

-tinea pedis
-candidiasis
-aspergillosis

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41
Q

commensal

A

relationship between two organisms

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41
Q

epidermis functions

A

-protective barrier
-makes new skin
-protects body
-provides skin color

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42
Q

dermis functions

A

-has collagen and elastin
-grows hair
-makes oil
produces sweat
supplies blood

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43
Q

subcutaneous fatty tissue functions

A

-cushions muscles and bones
-has connective tissue helps the nerves and blood vessels
-regulates body temperature

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44
Q

hair follicle functions

A

-helps repair your skin after a wound or injury
-form new blood vessels
-form new nervous system neuron cells

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45
Q

what are two systems that work together to keep your body safe?

A

Immune system and epithelial system

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46
Q

what role does mucus play in the body?

A

traps pathogens entering the body

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47
Q

arrector pili functions

A

causes hair to stand up

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48
Q

sudoriferous gland function

A

sweating

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49
Q

sebaceous gland function

A

produce and create sebum

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50
Q

sepsis

A

an infection forming

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51
Q

severe sepsis

A

acute organ dysfunction

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52
Q

septic shock

A

hypotension, elevated lactate levels

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53
Q

first degree burn

A

only effects top layer of skin - red marks

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54
Q

second degree burn

A

epidermis and dermis blistering

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55
Q

third degree burn description

A

destroys epidermis and dermis, destroys nerve ends, colors skin black/white

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56
Q

fourth degree burn

A

when bones, muscles or tendons get burned

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57
Q

lymphatic system functions

A

-maintains fluids
-absorbs fat from digestive tract
-protects body from pathogens
-transports and removes waste from lymph fluid

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58
Q

immune system function

A

-protects body from invaders
-distinguish self cells
-defends against non-self cells

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59
Q

how many lymph nodes in an average human?

A

600-800

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60
Q

where are lymph nodes found?

A

neck, armpits, groin

61
Q

why do lymph nodes swell?

A

they take the intercell fluids and drain them, while also removing bacteria

62
Q

when you get a cut your cardiovascular system…

A

pumps blood to form blood clot

63
Q

when you get a cut your immune system…

A

brings white blood cells (fighters) to fight off infection

64
Q

when you get a cut your lymphatic system…

A

takes cells into fluid and filters them in nodes

65
Q

Snake bite symptoms

A

-pain
-swelling
-blisters
-bleeding/oozing
-metallic taste
-numbness
-tingling
-shock
-respiratory arrest
-unresponsiveness
-death

66
Q

What to do with a snake bite?

A

-remove constrictive items from the site
-clean wound with soap and water
-use a sharpie to circle bite and write time of bite
-call for help

67
Q

Orthopedic Injury Symptoms

A

-strain
-inflammation
-overuse of tendon
Sprain:
-tear of ligament
Fracture:
-a break in a bone

68
Q

What to do with an orthopedic injury?

A

-find out what happened
-ask about patient history
-pay attention to limb position, blood loss, open wounds, and if patient can bear weight
-RICE(rest, ice, compression, elevation) or splint - depending on injury
-return to camp and elevate

69
Q

Dermatitis Symptoms

A

-redness
-swelling
-itching
-burning
-blisters
-systemic reactions

70
Q

what to do with dermatitis?

A

-wash soap quickly with soap and water
-apply cool compress
-apply hydrocortisone or oral histamines

71
Q

Anaphylaxis Symptoms

A

-difficulty breathing
-hives
-wheezing
-chest tightness
-rapid pulse
-flushed skin

72
Q

What to do with anaphylaxis?

A

-evacuate
-administration of epinephrine

73
Q

sepsis symptoms

A

-increased respiratory rate
-fever
-confusion or disorientation
-slurred speech
-cold or pale skin

74
Q

what to do with sepsis?

A

-evacuate rapidly
-antibiotics and fluids

75
Q

malaria symptoms

A

-increased respiratory rate
-increased blood pH
-headache
-nausea
-diarrhea
-dizziness
-fever
-muscle aches
-yellowing of skin

76
Q

what to do with malaria?

A

-ask if patient has been bitten recently by a mosquito
-check if it has been 7-18 days since bite
-call for help and evacuate
-treat with anti malaria medication

77
Q

Dengue Fever symptoms

A

-increased blood pH
-increased respiratory rate
-headache
-nausea
-dizziness
-fever
-muscle aches
-mucosal bleeding
-yellowing of skin

78
Q

what to do with dengue fever?

A

-provide acetaminophen to control fever and pain
-reduce anxiety
-slowly hydrate
-consider electrolyte replacement (if vomiting or diarrhea)
-monitor for worsening symptoms
-call for help

79
Q

Innate Immunity

A

non-specific immune defense mechanisms that work against the outside coming in. people are born with it

80
Q

Acquired Immunity

A

specific immune defense mechanisms, acquired over a lifetime

81
Q

active immunity

A

acquired after infection and recovery, or from vaccine

82
Q

passive immunity

A

acquired by a child from its mother through the placenta of breastfeeding

83
Q

tears as a defense mechanism

A

contains an enzyme that kills invading organisms by washing them out

84
Q

nasal mucosa and cilia as a defense mechanism

A

the mucus and cilia (small hairs) in the nose trap invaders

85
Q

digestive enzymes as defense mechanisms

A

oral enzymes help to kill invaders

86
Q

cilia as a defense mechanism

A

constantly waving upwards
invaders get trapped in mucus and are passed up and out
smoking kills cilia

87
Q

stomach acid as a defense mechanism

A

pH of 2
kills invaders

88
Q

normal flora as a defense mechanism

A

takes up space and secrets chemicals to keep foreign invaders out

89
Q

secretions as a defense mechanism

A

in females, urine and vaginal discharge work to flush out organisms

90
Q

inflammation as a defense mechanism

A

removes dangerous stimuli and initiates healing process

91
Q

fever as a defense mechanism

A

increases change for destructing pathogens

92
Q

why is something considered non-specific?

A

the WBC (white) kills all cells, both personal and foreign

93
Q

how does acquired immunity work?

A

relies on cells and proteins to target specific pathogens for destruction

94
Q

what is a SPECIFIC process?

A

acquired immunity

95
Q

what is a NON-SPECIFIC process?

A

inflammation and fever

96
Q

What are autoimmune disorders?

A

when the body attacks its own tissue as if it was foreign

97
Q

autoimmune disorder examples and functions

A

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS:
body attacks its own myelin
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS:
body attacks the joint lining

98
Q

Prodromal symptoms

A

early signs or symptoms that precede the onset of a disease

99
Q

Acquired Passive Immunity

A

gotten from mom through placenta + breastfeed (short term)

100
Q

Innate Immunity

A

natural what your genetics determine

101
Q

Acquired Adaptive Immunity

A

gotten when you get sick or vaccinated

102
Q

Herd Immunity

A

so many people are protected that the non protected are protected

103
Q

Antigen

A

proteins that are found on the cell surface of pathogens and they signal non-self

104
Q

Antibodies

A

proteins that are found on the cell surface of pathogens and they signal non-self

105
Q

Antibiotics

A

medicine only good for killing bacteria
-made from fungus

106
Q

First line of defense: Skin

A

shields (tightly packed wall of cells)
non-specific

107
Q

First line of defense: Mucous lining

A

traps pathogens

108
Q

second line of defense: mast cells

A

assists with allergic and inflammatory responses releases histamines (makes blood vessels leakier)

109
Q

second line of defense: basophil

A

same as mast cells

110
Q

second line of defense: macrophages

A

consumes pathogens

111
Q

second line of defense: Complement system

A

signals to the MACs that there are pathogens (to come get) non-specific response

112
Q

third line of defense: cytotoxic T-cells

A

-destroys infected cells
-part of the cell-mediated process
-release perforin into infected cells so they explode

113
Q

third line of defense: T-Helper cells

A

-binds to antigen and signals for other cells to come in and attack
-recognize antigens
-direct MACs to come
-can tell (B lymph) to make antibodies

114
Q

third line of defense: B-cells

A

-white blood cells that have the ability to make antibodies
-part of the humoral response

115
Q

memory B cells

A

-third line of defense
-stores ‘memory’ of pathogens
-wakes up B cells

116
Q

memory T cells

A

-third line of defense
-stores ‘memory’ of pathogens
-wakes up T cells

117
Q

Virus Reproduction:
1. Attatchment

A

The virus attaches to the surface of the animal host cell. the attachment of the virus to that host cell is the highly specific to each virus. viruses can attach to lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and even epithelial cells.

118
Q

Virus Reproduction:
2. Entry

A

Teh virus DNA enters the host cell. This can occur in two ways: by endocytosis where the cell engulfs the virus, or by the virus fusing directly with the plasma membranes of the host cell.

119
Q

Virus Reproduction:
3. Uncoating

A

Uncoating is the breakdown or removal of the capsid of the virus, causing the virus genome to be completely released, exposing viral genes for transcription and replication.

120
Q

Virus Reproduction:
4. Replication

A

In the same way that our DNA encodes the information to manufacture proteins, a virus’ genome acts as the instructions for the synthesis of virus proteins. the virus uses the host cell machinery to copy viral single-stranded RNA, double-stranded RNA, or single-stranded DNA depending on the virus, as well as proteins and additional genome copies.

121
Q

Virus Reproduction:
5. Assembly

A

Newly created virus parts self-assemble into new VIRIONS, intact and infective virus particles. the location of virion assembly depends upon the particular virus. it can take place within the nucleus of the cell, at the plasma membrane, or at a variety of intracellular membranes, such as the Golgi Complex.

122
Q

Virus Reproduction:
6. Maturation

A

Until maturation, the virion has been in the process of forming, and if the cell was broken open, the virions would not be able to initiate infection of the new cells. When matration occurs, the final changes in structure of the capsid withing an immature virion result in an infectious virus particle.

123
Q

Virus Reproduction:
7. Release

A

In the final step of the virus replication cycle, the cell host releases the new virions into the extracellular environment either through a process of lysis (which kills the cells) or by budding, where the virion can continue the cycle of infecting new cells.

124
Q

Which vaccines were designed to protect clients from viruses?

A

-yellow fever
-hepatitis A

125
Q

Which vaccines were designed to protect against bacteria?

A

-typhoid fever
-tetanus
-diphtheria

126
Q

what causes dengue fever?

A

one of four types of dengue viruses

127
Q

dengue fever symptoms

A

-nausea
-vomiting
-fatigue
-intense joint aches
-bleeding of gums, nose, etc.

128
Q

can you get a vaccine once you have been infected?

A

no

129
Q

what can you take post infection?

A

antivirals

130
Q

three illnesses controlled by effective antiviral medications?

A

-flu
-ebola
-herpes

131
Q

what are virions?

A

very simple infectious particles

132
Q

what are ways in which viral infections can be treated post infection?

A

antiviral drugs

133
Q

how do antivirals work?

A

they disrupt the viral replication cycle by limiting a virus’s ability to attach to cells incorporate its genetic material into its host

134
Q

what is a viral load?

A

the concentration of viral particles in a given sample

135
Q

Immune privilege

A

limits the body’s normal inflammatory response

136
Q

cornea function

A

protects the eye from outside infiltrations and ultraviolet radiation

137
Q

aqueous humor function

A

gives the eye its shape and supplies nutrition to the cornea and lens

138
Q

pupil function

A

allows the light through the lens and directs the light into the retina

139
Q

iris function

A

controls the size of the pupil to let more or less light into the eye

140
Q

canal of schlemm function

A

maintains fluid homeostasis by draining aqueous humor from the eye into the systemic circulation

141
Q

ciliary zonule function

A

transmits forces that flatten the lens during the process of disaccommodation bringing distant objects into focus

142
Q

lens function

A

transmits light, focusing it on the retina

143
Q

ciliary body function

A

produces aqueous humor

144
Q

optic disk/blind spot function

A

the beginning of the optic nerve and is the point where the axons of the retinal ganglion cells come together

145
Q

extraocular muscle function

A

the movement of the eye horizontally, vertically, and torsional

146
Q

vitreous humor function

A

provides nutrients to the eye and helps the eye keep its shape

147
Q

optic nerve function

A

transmits electrical impulses from your eyes to your brain

148
Q

fovea centralis function

A

allows for high visual ability

149
Q

retina function

A

captures the light that enters your eye and helps translate it into the images you see

150
Q

choroid function

A

brings oxygen and nutrients to the eye

151
Q

sclera function

A

maintains your eye shape and protects it from injuries

Biomed (1 decks)

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