3.1.5 Hazards

Question 1

adaptation

Answer 1

the attempts by people/communities to live with the hazard events, by adjusting their living conditions people are able to reduce their levels of vulnerablity

Question 2

fatalism

Answer 2

a view of the hazard event that suggests people can’t influence/shape the outcome do nothing can be done to mitigate against it

Question 3

natural hazards

Answer 3

events which are perceived to be a threat to people, the built environment and natural environment, they occur in the physical environments of the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere

Question 4

perception

Answer 4

the way in which a group/individual views the threat of a hazard event which determines the course of action taken/response they expect from governments and other organisations

Question 5

frequency

Answer 5

the distribution of a hazard through time

Question 6

integrated risk management

Answer 6

process of considering the social,political,economic factors involved in risk analysis; determining the acceptibility of damage/disruption; deciding on the actions to be taken to minimise it

Question 7

magnitude

Answer 7

the assessment of the size of the impact of a hazard event

Question 8

prediction

Answer 8

ability to give warnings so action can be taken to reduce impact of hazard events, improved monitoring/info/communication tech meant predicting and issuing warnings have become more important in recent years

Question 9

primary effects

Answer 9

effects of a hazard event that result directly from that event

Question 10

resilience

Answer 10

sustained ability of individuals/communities to be able to utilise available resources to respond to, withstand and recover from effects

Question 11

secondary effects

Answer 11

effects that result from the primary impact of the hazard event

Question 12

lahars

Answer 12

volcanic mudflows that are formed by volcanic ash mixing with water and flowing downhill

Question 13

lithosphere

Answer 13

layer of earth which consists of the crust and upper section of the mantle, it splits into a number of tectonic plates

Question 14

pyroclastic flows (nuees ardentes)

Answer 14

formed from a mixture of hot gas (over 800’c) and tephra they flow down the sides of a mountain (over 700km/h) after ejection from the volcano

Question 15

tephra

Answer 15

solid matter ejected by a volcano into the air, ranges from volcanic bombs (large) to ash (fine)

Question 16

earthquake

Answer 16

the crust is constantly moving so stress builds up slowly within the rocks and when pressure is released, the surface experiences an intense shaking motion for a short period

Question 17

retrofitting

Answer 17

in earthquake-prone areas buildings/structures can be fitted with devices (shock absorbers/cross-bracing) to make them more earthquake proof

Question 18

tsunami

Answer 18

giant sea waves generated by shallow-focus underwater earthquakes, violent volcanic eruptions, underwater debris slides and landslides into sea

Question 19

a hazard

Answer 19

a threat with the potential to cause injury, loss of life, damage to property, socio-economic disruption or environmental damage

Question 20

geophysical

Answer 20

geological & meteorological hazards eg. landslides/earthquakes

Question 21

atmospheric

Answer 21

hydrological hazards eg. hurricanes

Question 22

hydrological

Answer 22

caused by the movement of a large body of water eg. storm surges

Question 23

management

Answer 23

dealing with the impact of the hazard- strategies and ideas to reduce impact

Question 24

risk-sharing

Answer 24

a danger from a hazard shared with other people (communities/organisations/education) to make people aware and reduce its impacts

Question 25

mitigation

Answer 25

how well a message is communicated to plan for a hazard and be prepared