3.1.5 gas exchange in other organisms (bony fish & insects) Flashcards

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1
Q

(fish) buccal cavity

A

mouth

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2
Q

(fish) countercurrent flow

A

2 fluids flow in opposite directions

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3
Q

(fish) describe filaments
- what can they also be called

A

slim branches of tissue that make up the gill
(primary lamellae)

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4
Q

(fish) describe lamellae
—> what can these also be called

A

folds of filament to increase surface area
—> often called secondary lamellae or gill plates

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5
Q

(fish) operculum

A

bony flap that covers/protects gills

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6
Q

(insect) spiracle

A

pore that allows air in/out of tracheae

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7
Q

(insect) tracheal fluid

A

fluid found at ends of tracheoles in tracheal system

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8
Q

(insect) tracheal system

A

system of air-filled tubes

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9
Q

how do bony fish exchange gases

A

using gills to absorb oxygen dissolved in water & release carbon dioxide into water

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10
Q

how many pairs of gills do most bony fish have

A

5

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11
Q

what does each gill consist of

A

2 rows of gill filaments attached to bony arch

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12
Q

describe the gill filaments

A
  • very thin
  • surface folded into many secondary lamellae (gill plates) = large surface area
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13
Q

how does exchange occur in bony fish

A

capillaries carry deoxygenated blood close to surface of secondary lamellae

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14
Q

describe the dissection of a fish gill

A
  1. find operculum
  2. lift operculum to observe gills/colour
  3. cut away one operculum
  4. cut out one gill
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15
Q

describe the countercurrent flow in bony fish

A
  • blood flows along gill arch & along filaments to secondary lamellae
  • then blood flows through capillaries in opposite direction to flow of water over the lamellae
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16
Q

what does the countercurrent flow achieve

A
  • maintains high conc. gradient
  • absorbs max. amount of oxygen from water
17
Q

describe the process of ventilation in a bony fish

A
  1. fish opens mouth & lowers floor of buccal cavity
  2. increases volume & decreases pressure in buccal cavity
  3. water’s drawn into mouth
  4. mouth closes & floor of buccal cavity is raised
  5. decreases volume & increases pressure in buccal cavity
  6. water’s pushed from buccal cavity which causes operculum to move outwards = reducses pressure in opercular cavity which helps water flow through the gills
18
Q

what type of circulatory system do insects have & what does that mean

A

open circulatory system
= body fluid acts as both blood/tissue fluid

19
Q

what do insects possess

A

air-filled tracheal system = supplies air directly to all respiring tissues

20
Q

how does air enter the tracheal system

A

via a pore in each segment (spiracle)

21
Q

how is air transported into the body

A
  • through series of tubes called tracheae
  • these divide into smaller tubes called tracheoles
  • ends of tracheoles are open & filled with fluid (tracheal fluid)
22
Q

where does gaseous exchange occur in an insect

A

between air in tracheole & tracheole fluid
—> some can occur across thin walls of tracheoles

23
Q

what can happen when insects/the tissues are active

A
  • tracheal fluid can be withdrawn into the body fluid —> increase surface area of tracheole wall exposed to air
    = more oxygen can be absorbed when insect is active
24
Q

how can larger insects also ventilate their tracheal system
- how many ways can this be achieved

A

movements of the body
—> 3 ways

25
Q

summarise the 3 ways larger insects can ventilate their tracheal system by movements of the body

A
  1. sections of tracheal system are expanded/flexible walls - act as air sacs which can be squeezed by action of flight muscles —> repetitive expansion/contraction = ventilate tracheal system
  2. movements of wings alter volume of thorax - thorax vol decreases = air in tracheal system under pressure & pushed out - thorax vol increases = pressure inside drops & air pushed into tracheal system from outside
  3. locusts can alter vol of abdomen by specialised breathing movements - coordinated with opening/closing valves in spiracles —> as abdomen expands = spiracles at front of body open & air enters tracheal system —> abdomen reduces in vol = spiracles at rear end open & air can leave tracheal system