3.1.5/6 DNA + RNA/ ATP Flashcards

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1
Q

What is DNA?

A

Codes for the sequence of amino acids in the primary structure of a protein, which determines the final 3D structure and function of a protein
DNA is a polymer and is a double helix

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2
Q

Why is DNA important?

A

It’s essential as it contains the genetic code and has to be passed on to new cells without being damaged

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3
Q

What monomer makes up DNA?

A

A nucleotide

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4
Q

What is the structure of a DNA nucleotide?

A

Deoxyribose (pentose sugar)
A nitrogenous base (guanine, cytosine, thymine and adenine)
One phosphate group

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5
Q

How is a polynucleotide made?

A

It’s created through condensation reactions between the deoxyribose sugar and the phosphate group where water is removed, creating a phosphodiester bond (strong covalent bond)

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6
Q

How is the double helix created?

A

The DNA polymer occurs in pairs joined by hydrogen bonds between bases

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7
Q

Where do hydrogen bonds form?

A

Between complementary base pairs e.g. cytosine and guanine & adenine and thymine

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8
Q

What is RNA

A

A polymer of a nucleotide formed of a ribose, a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group

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9
Q

What are the bases in RNA?

A

Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil

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10
Q

Difference between DNA and RNA?

A

The RNA polymer is a relatively short polynucleotide chain and it’s single stranded.
In structure, RNA is ribose and DNA is deoxyribose

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11
Q

Function of RNA?

A

To transfer the genetic code from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes. Some RNA (rRNA) is also combined with proteins to create ribosomes.

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12
Q

What is the process of DNA replication called?

A

Semi-conservative replication

(In the daughter DNA one strand is from the parental DNA and one strand is newly synthesised)

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13
Q

What is the 1st step of DNA replication?

A

DNA helicase breaks down the hydrogen bonds between the complementary base pairs which causes the DNA double helix to unwind and separate.

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14
Q

What is the 2nd step to DNA replication?

A

The separated strands will act as a template. Free floating DNA nucleotides within the nucleus will then align opposite the complementary base pairs.

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15
Q

What is the 3rd step of DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase joins the nucleotides together to make phosphodiester bonds

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16
Q

What is the 4th step in DNA replication

A

Now we have our newly synthesised DNA combined with the template strand and that is the new molecule of DNA.

17
Q

Evidence for DNA replication

A

Watson and Crick- discovered structure of DNA (double helix) in ‘53 helped by Rosalind Franklin’s research on x-ray diffraction

Meselson and Stahl- conducted an experiment which proved DNA replication must be semi-conservative

18
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine TriPhosphate is an immediate source of energy for biological processes.
Metabolic reactions in cells must have a constant, steady supply of ATP.

19
Q

Structure of ATP

A

A nitrogen-containing base (adenine)
A pentose sugar (ribose)
3 phosphate groups

20
Q

How is ATP made?

A

During respiration
Made from ADP + Pi (inorganic phosphate) by a condensation reaction using the enzyme ATP synthase

21
Q

When does ATP release energy

A

ATP releases energy when it’s hydrolysed into ADP + Pi using enzyme ATP hydrolase