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Physical Geog 3.1.4 Glacial Systems + Landscapes > 3.1.4.5 Human Impacts On Cold Environments > Flashcards

3.1.4.5 Human Impacts On Cold Environments Flashcards

1
Q

What’s a fragile environment

A

A sensitive environment on the edge of survival, where even the slightest change can have significant effects

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2
Q

2 types of effects that can cause harm to fragile environments

E.g

A

Natural effects - small shifts in rainfall + temperatures

Human activity - intensive agriculture, deforestation, urbanisation

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3
Q

What are plants + animals in fragile environments sensitive to
Why

A

Sensitive to change

As have adapted to the environmental conditions

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4
Q

3 indigenous groups in the arctic

A

The Inuit people
The Sami people
The Vuntut gwitchin

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5
Q

Who are the Inuit people

A

A group of indigenous people living in the arctic regions of Greenland, Canada and the USA

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6
Q

What does the Inuit peoples traditional way of life involve

A

Fishing

Hunting

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7
Q

What do the Inuit people do with the animals they hunt

A

Eat the meat

Make clothes + shoes from the animal fur + skin

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8
Q

Who are the Sami people

A

Indigenous people living in the arctic area of the Sápmi (parts of far northern Norway, Sweden, Finland

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9
Q

What’s the Sami peoples best known livelihood

A

Semi-nomadic reindeer hunting

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10
Q

Where can the Vuntut Gwitchin people survive

What are 3 problems there

A

Northern Canada

Low precipitation
Temperature
Isolation
Long hours of winter darkness

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11
Q

What village do about 300 Vuntut gwitchin people live in

A

Old crow

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12
Q

What do Vuntut gwitchin base their culture on

A

The seasonal migration of Caribou herds across the tundra

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13
Q

What does caribou provide the Vuntut gwitchin people with

A

Meat, clothing + tents

Bones + antlers -> soups/tools

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14
Q

2 reasons why the Vuntut gwitchin‘ s way of life is no longer nomadic

A

They now use snowmobiles to travel instead of dog sledges

Now use rifles

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15
Q

4 human impacts on cold environments

A

Climate change
Oil exploitation
Tourism
Hunting + whaling

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16
Q

3 cold environments humans impact

A

Tundra (periglacial)
Polar (glacial land + sea ice)
Alpine (glacial + fluvioglacial)

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17
Q

How will climate change affect Vuntut Gwitchin people (tundra)

A

They will struggle to get meat + lose their culture and traditions as there’s less snow and an earlier snow melt so carribou will change migration routes

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18
Q

Where do the caribou migrate to and give birth now every summer

A

10 02 lands

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19
Q

In the 10 02 lands what could reduce the number of caribou, Making life for the Vuntut Gwitchin nearly impossible

A

Drilling for oil

20
Q

What oil spill in Alaska was due to human negligence and incompetence

A

The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, 1989

21
Q

What happened in the Exxon Valdez oil spill

A

The Exxon Valdez supertanker carrying 50 million tonnes of crude oil, ran aground on Bligh reef as the captain was drunk

22
Q

What happened after a week of the Exxon Valdez oil spill

A

Oil covered 2600km2 and extended 900km from the wreck

23
Q

How much did it cost to clean up after the Exxon Valdez oil spill

A

$600 million

24
Q

What was recovered from the Exxon Valdez oil spill

A

Bodies of 35,000 seabirds and 3000 sea otters

25
Q

Where are 2 of the 7 huge arctic basins that contain 87% of the arctics oil and natural gas

A

Siberia, Russia

26
Q

3 impacts of oil spills

A

Contaminates soil
Kills all plants growing
Destroys habitats for mammals and birds

27
Q

E.g of an oil spill in Russia

A

In Unsinsk, close to the arctic circle

28
Q

How much oil does the Russian oil industry spill on land each year

A

30 million barrels

29
Q

What is whaling

A

The hunting of whales for meat, blubber and oil

30
Q

What type of whaling emerged in the 17th century

What did this lead to

A

Industrial whaling

Decline in numbers of whales

31
Q

How come there are thought to now be 5000 whales

A

1n 1986, the international whaling commission (IWC) banned commercial whaling

32
Q

What is the only whaling that is still allowed today

A

Whaling under scientific-research + aboriginal-subsistence provisions

33
Q

What country is still whaling commercially today

A

Norway

34
Q

How is climate change affecting Antarctica

A

There are increasing numbers of polar bears drowning as sea ice is melting

35
Q

How do most tourists in Antarctica travel

A

By cruise ship

36
Q

2 disadvantages of tourists on cruise ships

A

Can disturb wildlife when they get too close to shore so can affect breeding, feeding + rearing of young

Ships can have accidents in icy waters. Wrecked ships leak oil, polluting the sea + beaches, threatening birds, animals + plants

37
Q

How many tourists visit the European alps each year

A

120 million

38
Q

What causes the most destructive human impacts in the European alps
E.g

A

The ski industry

E.g are illegal ski developments in Carpathian Mountains, Bulgaria (Europe’s last wilderness areas)

39
Q

What has happened to the Carpathian Mountains, Bulgaria due to the ski industry

A

Forests have been stripped for ski developments + infrastructure causing habitat loss and fragmentation

Modern adventure sports (mountain-biking, canyoning, paragliding) and some motor bases activities are disturbing wildlife and pose a threat to biodiversity

40
Q

What’s happening to the climate in the swiss alps
What is this causing glaciers to do
E.g

A

It’s rising
So glaciers are retreating

E.g Mer de Glace is 500m shorter than in 1994

41
Q

What is happening to alpine summers due to climate change

A

They’re getting drier

42
Q

What are expected to change in the Swiss alps due to climate change
How

A

Ecosystems

A rise in 1*c pushes the tree line up by 100m and some high mountain flora and fauna will be extinct

43
Q

What species in the Swiss alps will be threatened by climate change

A

Marmot

44
Q

What is melting permafrost causing in the Swiss alps

A

Rock avalanches and mudslides

45
Q

What is under threat due to melting permafrost

A

Several mountain communities

Cable cars + chair lifts

46
Q

What happens to glaciers in the alps in the summer

A

Melting occurs and can be ponded-up behind debris dams to be released as powerful torrents if water (flooding + mudslides)

Physical Geog 3.1.4 Glacial Systems + Landscapes (14 decks)

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