3.1.3 Lipids - Triglycerides, Phospholipids and the Emulsion Test

Question 1

Which 3 elements do lipids contain?

Answer 1

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Question 2

Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?

Answer 2

The phosphate ‘head’

Question 3

Identify the molecule

Answer 3

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

Question 4

What does hydrophobic mean?

Answer 4

water hating

Question 5

How does the structure of triglycerides relate to their properties?

Answer 5

• High ratio of carbon-hydrogen bonds make them an excellent energy source
• Low mass to energy ratio- animals don’t have to carry a heavy energy store around.
• Non-polar molecules are insoluble in water so they do not affect osmosis in cells.
• High ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms so water released when trigylcerides are oxidised. Good for animals in deserts.

Question 6

Identify the molecule

Answer 6

Monounsaturated fatty acid

Question 7

Identify the molecule

Answer 7

Phosphate molecule

Question 8

What state do monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats take at room temperature?

Answer 8

Liquid - they are oils.

Question 9

What is mean by a saturated fatty acid?

Answer 9

A fatty acid that contains no double bonds between the carbon atoms

Question 10

Identify the molecule

Answer 10

Glycerol

Question 11

Phospholipids are p___________ molecules

Answer 11

polar

Question 12

What state do saturated lipids take at room temperature?

Answer 12

Solid - they are fats

Question 13

What is meant by a polyunsaturated fatty acid?

Answer 13

A fatty acid that contains more than 1 double bond between its carbon atoms.

Question 14

What does hydrophilic mean?

Answer 14

attracted to water

Question 15

What type of bond forms between glycerol and fatty acid molecules?

Answer 15

Ester bond

Question 16

Identify the molecule

Answer 16

Triglyceride

Question 17

Identify the molecule

Answer 17

Saturated fatty acid

Question 18

What type of reaction takes place when a fatty acid molecule is removed from a glycerol molecule?

Answer 18

Hydrolysis

Question 19

What type of reaction takes place when a glycerol molecule joins with a fatty acid molecule?

Answer 19

Condensation reaction

Question 20

Describe how you would carry out an emulsion test for lipids

Answer 20

The emulsion test for lipids:

• Add 2cm3 of food and add to a test tube.
• Add 5 cm3 of ethanol
• Shake the tube thoroughly to dissolve any lipid.
• Add 5cm3 of water and shake gently
• A cloudy-white colour indicates a positive result.

Question 21

Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?

Answer 21

The fatty acid ‘tails’

Question 22

What decides the properties of different fats and oils?

Answer 22

Variations in their fatty acid chains

Question 23

List the roles of lipids in living organisms.

Answer 23

• Cell membranes
• Energy store
• Waterproofing
• Heat insulation
• Electrical insulation
• Protection of organs e.g. kidneys

Question 24

Why are triglycerides called triglycerides?

Answer 24

They contain 1 glycerol molecule (glyceride) and 3 fatty acids (tri)

Question 25

What is meant by a monounsaturated fatty acid?

Answer 25

A fatty acid that contains 1 double bond between 1 pair of its carbon atoms.

Question 26

Describe the structure of a phospholipid

Answer 26

1 glycerol molecule attached to

2 fatty acid molecules and

1 phosphate molecule

Question 27

How does the structure of phospholipids relate to their properties?

Answer 27

• Polar molecules - meaning that they can form a barrier (cell membrane) between water inside and outside a cell.
• The phospholipid can form glycolipids by combining with carbohydrates. These are important in cell recognition.

Question 28

Name the 2 main groups of lipid

Answer 28

Triglycerides (fats and oils)

Phospholipids

Question 29

What happens when a phospholipid is placed in water?

Answer 29

The hydrophilic head positions itself towards water.

The hydrophobic tail positions itself away from water

Question 30

Identify the molecule

Answer 30

Phospholipid

Question 31

List the characteristics shared by all lipids

Answer 31

• They contain: Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
• Lower proportion of oxygen to carbon and hydrogen than carbohydrates.
• Insoluble in water
• Soluble in organic solvents e.g. alcohols

Question 32

name the bond between the glycerol and the fatty acid chains in a lipid molecule

Answer 32

ester

Question 33

How can you tell the difference between a fatty acid that is saturated and how which is not?

Answer 33

saturated FA have no double bonds between carbon atoms

Question 34

what is the difference between a triglyceride and a phospholipid?

Answer 34

in a phospholipid, one FA is replaced with a phosphate

Question 35

name the reaction to breakdown phospholipids to release the phosphate

Answer 35

hydrolysis

Question 36

name the element found in all amino acids but not in triglycerides?

Answer 36

Nitrogen

Question 37

Compare and contrast structure of triglycerides and phospholipids

Answer 37

Both have ester bond

both contain glycerol

fatty acids on both can be saturated or unsaturated

Both contain C, H, O but phospholipids have also P

Triglycerides have 3 FA, Phospholipds have 2 FA and 1 phosphate group

Question 38

Compare and contrast the properties of triglycerides and phospholipids

Answer 38

Both insoluble in water

Triglycerides are hydrophobic/non polar but phospholipids have hydrophobic and hydrophillic (polar) regions

Phospholipids form a micelle bilayer but triglycerides dont